Genus Chromobacterium
Warning: In the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature, an arrow (→) only indicates the sequence of valid publication of names and does not mean that the last name in the sequence must be used (see: Introduction).
Number of species, including synonyms, cited in this file: 12
Number of subspecies, including synonyms, cited in this file: 0
Classification (Warning: see also the file "Classification of prokaryotes: Introduction").
For a detailed description of this taxon see Bergey’s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria (BMSAB).
Chromobacterium Bergonzini 1880, genus. (Type genus of the tribe ¤ Chromobacterieae Winslow et al. 1920 [Approved Lists 1980]).
Type species: ¤ Chromobacterium violaceum Bergonzini 1880 (Approved Lists 1980).
Synonym: not "Cromobacterium" (sic) Bergonzini 1879.
Etymology: Gr. n. chroma, color; L. neut. n. bacterium, a small rod; N.L. neut. n. Chromobacterium, a small, colored rod.
Approved Lists reference: SKERMAN (V.B.D.), McGOWAN (V.) and SNEATH (P.H.A.) (editors): Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1980, 30, 225-420 (Approved Lists of Bacterial Names in IJSEM Online - Approved Lists of Bacterial Names Amended edition).
Original publication: BERGONZINI (C.): Sopra un nuovo bacterio colorato. Annuar Soc. Nat. Modena, Series 2, 1881, 14, 149-158.
Note: On the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names and on the amended edition of the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, in contravention of the Judicial Opinion 16, this nomenclatural name is incorrectly cited as Chromobacterium Bergonzini 1881 (sic).
References:
1 LAPAGE (S.P.), SNEATH (P.H.A.), LESSEL (E.F.), SKERMAN (V.B.D.), SEELIGER (H.P.R.) and CLARK (W.A.): International code of nomenclature of bacteria (1990 revision), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1992, p. 93.
2 EUZÉBY (J.P.): Necessary corrections according to Judicial Opinions 16, 48 and 52. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1998, 48, 613.
Original article by Euzéby in IJSEM Online
Chromobacterium alkanivorans Bajaj et al. 2016, sp. nov.
Type strain: (see also Global Catalogue of Microorganisms) IITR-71=MTCC 11059=JCM 30068=KCTC 52433.
Sequence accession no. (16S rRNA gene) for the type strain: JN210566.
Whole-genome sequence accession no. for the type strain: .
Etymology: N.L. neut. n. alkanum, alkane; L. part. adj. vorans, devouring; N.L. part. adj. alkanivorans alkane-degrading.
Source: Industrial/agricultural.
Valid publication: BAJAJ, A., KUMAR, A., YADAV, S., KAUR, G., BALA, M., SINGH, N. K., MATHAN KUMAR, R., MANICKAM, N. and MAYILRAJ, S. 2016. Isolation and characterization of a novel Gram-negative bacterium Chromobacterium alkanivorans sp. nov., strain IITR-71T degrading halogenated alkanes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 66, 5228-5235.
Original article in IJSEM Online
Chromobacterium amazonense Menezes et al. 2015, sp. nov.
Type strain: (see also Global Catalogue of Microorganisms) CBMAI 310=DSM 26508.
Sequence accession no. (16S rRNA gene) for the type strain: KF137653.
Whole-genome sequence accession no. for the type strain: -.
Etymology: N.L. neut. adj. amazonense, of or belonging to Amazon, referring to the river Amazon, the source of the type strain.
Source: Environmental - freshwater.
Valid publication: Validation List no. 164. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 65 (2015), 2017-2025.
Validation List Online
Effective publication: Menezes, C.B.A., Tonin, M.F., Corrêa, D.B.A., Parma, M., de Melo, I.S., Zucchi, T.D., Destéfano, S.A.L. and Fantinatti-Garboggini, F. 2015. Chromobacterium amazonense sp. nov. isolated from water samples from the Rio Negro, Amazon, Brazil. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 107, 1057-1063.
Effective publication Online
Chromobacterium aquaticum Young et al. 2008, sp. nov.
Type strain: (see also Global Catalogue of Microorganisms) CC-SEYA-1 = BCRC 17769 = CCUG 55175.
Sequence accession no. (16S rRNA gene) for the type strain: EU109734.
Etymology: L. neut. adj. aquaticum, living, growing, or found in or by water.
Valid publication: YOUNG (C.C.), ARUN (A.B.), LAI (W.A.), CHEN (W.M.), CHOU (J.H.), SHEN (F.T.), REKHA (P.D.) and KÄMPFER (P.): Chromobacterium aquaticum sp. nov., isolated from spring water samples. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2008, 58, 877-880.
Original article in IJSEM Online
Note: The name of the fifth author in the paper by Young et al. 2008 was incorrectly published as Jiu-Hsing Chao. The correct spelling should be Jui-Hsing Chou.
Reference: Erratum. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2008, 58, 1782.
Erratum in IJSEM Online
Chromobacterium fluviatile Moss et al. 1981, sp. nov.
Type strain: (see also Global Catalogue of Microorganisms) Logan C009 = 165 = ATCC 33051= CCUG 30103 = CIP 103351 = DSM 3764 = JCM 9044 = LMG 6630 = NBRC 102505 = NCTC 11159.
Sequence accession no. (16S rRNA gene) for the type strain: M22511.
Etymology: L. neut. adj. fluviatile, of or belonging to a river.
Valid publication: Validation List no. 6. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1981, 31, 215-218.
Effective publication: MOSS (M.O.), RYALL (C.) and LOGAN (N.A.): The classification and characterization of chromobacteria from a lowland river. J. Gen. Microbiol., 1978, 105, 11-21.
Validation List no. 6 in IJSEM Online - Effective publication Online
→ ¤ Iodobacter fluviatilis corrig. (Moss et al. 1981) Logan 1989, comb. nov.
Chromobacterium haemolyticum Han et al. 2008, sp. nov.
Type strain: (see also Global Catalogue of Microorganisms) MDA0585 = CCUG 53230 = JCM 14163 = DSM 19808.
Sequence accession no. (16S rRNA gene) for the type strain: DQ785104.
Etymology: Gr. n. haima (Latin transliteration haema), blood; N.L. adj. lyticus -a -um (from Gr. adj. lutikos -ê -on), able to loosen, able to dissolve; N.L. neut. adj. haemolyticum, dissolving blood.
Valid publication: HAN (X.Y.), HAN (F.S.) and SEGAL (J.): Chromobacterium haemolyticum sp. nov., a strongly haemolytic species. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2008, 58, 1398-1403.
Original article in IJSEM Online
Chromobacterium piscinae Kämpfer et al. 2009, sp. nov.
Type strain: (see also Global Catalogue of Microorganisms) CCM 3329 = LMG 3947.
Sequence accession no. (16S rRNA gene) for the type strain: AJ871127.
Etymology: L. gen. n. piscinae, of a pond.
Valid publication: KÄMPFER (P.), BUSSE (H.J.) and SCHOLZ (H.C.): Chromobacterium piscinae sp. nov. and Chromobacterium pseudoviolaceum sp. nov., from environmental samples. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2009, 59, 2486-2490.
Original article in IJSEM Online
Chromobacterium pseudoviolaceum Kämpfer et al. 2009, sp. nov.
Type strain: (see also Global Catalogue of Microorganisms) Lewitus = P.H.A. Sneath strain LW = ATCC 7461= CCM 2076 = LMG 3953 = NCIMB 8182 = NCTC 8683.
Sequence accession no. (16S rRNA gene) for the type strain: AJ871128.
Etymology: Gr. adj. pseudês, false; L. neut. adj. violaceum, violet-coloured and also a bacterial specific epithet; N.L. neut. adj. pseudoviolaceum, not the true Chromobacterium violaceum.
Valid publication: KÄMPFER (P.), BUSSE (H.J.) and SCHOLZ (H.C.): Chromobacterium piscinae sp. nov. and Chromobacterium pseudoviolaceum sp. nov., from environmental samples. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2009, 59, 2486-2490.
Original article in IJSEM Online
Note: In the paper by Kämpfer et al. 2009, the type strain is cited as LMG 3953 (= CCM 2076 = NCTC 8182). However, the strain NCTC 8182 is a strain of Streptococcus agalactiae!
Reference: Erratum. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2009, 59, 3184.
Erratum in IJSEM Online
Note: According to Kämpfer et al. (2018), Chromobacterium pseudoviolaceum Kämpfer et al. 2009 is a later heterotypic synonym of Chromobacterium violaceum Bergonzini 1880.
Reference: KÄMPFER, P., GLAESER, S. P. and SOBY, S. D. 2018. Chromobacterium pseudoviolaceum Kämpfer et al. 2009 is a later heterotypic synonym of Chromobacterium violaceum Bergonzini 1880. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 68, 2967-2968.
Article in IJSEM Online
Chromobacterium rhizoryzae Zhou et al. 2016, sp. nov.
Type strain: (see also Global Catalogue of Microorganisms) LAM1188=ACCC 19900=JCM 31180.
Sequence accession no. (16S rRNA gene) for the type strain: KT951843.
Whole-genome sequence accession no. for the type strain: .
Etymology: Gr. n. rhiza, root; L. gen. n. oryzae, of rice; N.L. gen. n. rhyzoryzae, of rice roots.
Source: Plant.
Valid publication: ZHOU, S., GUO, X., WANG, H., KONG, D., WANG, Y., ZHU, J., DONG, W., HE, M., HU, G., ZHAO, B., ZHAO, B. and RUAN, Z. 2016. Chromobacterium rhizoryzae sp. nov., isolated from rice roots. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 66, 3890-3896.
Original article in IJSEM Online
Chromobacterium sphagni Blackburn et al. 2017, sp. nov.
Type strain: (see also Global Catalogue of Microorganisms) IIBBL 14B-1=NRRL B-67130=JCM 31882.
Sequence accession no. (complete genome) for the type strain: NZ_MKCT00000000.1.
Whole-genome sequence accession no.: NZ_MKCT00000000.1.
Etymology: N.L. gen. n. sphagni, of Sphagnum; referring to the apparent association of the species with bogs dominated by mosses of the genus Sphagnum.
Source: Environmental.
Valid publication: BLACKBURN, M. B., FARRAR, R. R., JR., SPARKS, M. E., KUHAR, D., MITCHELL, A. and GUNDERSEN-RINDAL, D. E. 2017. Chromobacterium sphagni sp. nov., an insecticidal bacterium isolated from Sphagnum bogs. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 67, 3417-3422.
Original article in IJSEM Online
Chromobacterium subtsugae Martin et al. 2007, sp. nov.
Type strain: (see also Global Catalogue of Microorganisms) PRAA4-1 = DSM 17043 = NRRL B-30655.
Sequence accession no. (16S rRNA gene) for the type strain: AY344056.
Etymology: L. pref. sub, under; N.L. n. Tsuga, scientific name of hemlocks; N.L. gen. n. subtsugae, under Tsuga, because the type strain was found in soil under a hemlock tree.
Valid publication: MARTIN (P.A.W.), GUNDERSEN-RINDAL (D.), BLACKBURN (M.) and BUYER (J.): Chromobacterium subtsugae sp. nov., a betaproteobacterium toxic to Colorado potato beetle and other insect pests. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2007, 57, 993-999.
Original article in IJSEM Online
Chromobacterium vaccinii Soby et al. 2013, sp. nov.
Type strain: (see also Global Catalogue of Microorganisms) MWU205 = ATCC BAA-2314 = DSM 25150.
Sequence accession no. (16S rRNA gene) for the type strain: JN120869.
Etymology: L. n. vaccinium, a blueberry, whortleberry, and also a botanical generic name; N.L. gen. n. vaccinii, of Vaccinium, referring to the isolation of the type strain in association with wild and cultivated Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. (cranberry) roots and soils.
Valid publication: SOBY (S.D.), GADAGKAR (S.R.), CONTRERAS (C.) and CARUSO (F.L.): Chromobacterium vaccinii sp. nov., isolated from native and cultivated cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) bogs and irrigation ponds. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2013, 63, 1840-1846.
Original article in IJSEM Online
Chromobacterium violaceum Bergonzini 1880, species. (Type species of the genus.)
Type strain: (see also Global Catalogue of Microorganisms) ATCC 12472= CCUG 213 = CIP 103350 = DSM 30191 = IFO (now NBRC) 12614 = JCM 1249 = LMG 1267 = NCCB 80006 = NCTC 9757.
Sequence accession no. (16S rRNA gene) for the type strain: AE016825.
Synonyms: "Chromobacterium janthinum" (Zopf) Ford 1927, "Chromobacterium manilae" (Krasil'nikov) Leifson 1956, "Chromobacterium laurentium" (Migula) Leifson 1956, not "Chromobacterium violaceum" Leifson 1956, not "Chromobacterium violaceum" as described by Breed et al. 1957.
Etymology: L. neut. adj. violaceum, violet colored.
Approved Lists reference: SKERMAN (V.B.D.), McGOWAN (V.) and SNEATH (P.H.A.) (editors): Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1980, 30, 225-420 (Approved Lists of Bacterial Names in IJSEM Online - Approved Lists of Bacterial Names Amended edition).
Original publication: BERGONZINI (C.): Sopra un nuovo bacterio colorato. Annuar Soc. Nat. Modena, Series 2, 1881, 14, 149-158.
Note: On the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names and on the amended edition of the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, in contravention of the Judicial Opinion 16, this nomenclatural name is incorrectly cited as Chromobacterium violaceum Bergonzini 1881 (sic).
References:
1 LAPAGE (S.P.), SNEATH (P.H.A.), LESSEL (E.F.), SKERMAN (V.B.D.), SEELIGER (H.P.R.) and CLARK (W.A.): International code of nomenclature of bacteria (1990 revision), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1992, p. 93.
2 EUZÉBY (J.P.): Necessary corrections according to Judicial Opinions 16, 48 and 52. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1998, 48, 613.
Original article by Euzéby in IJSEM Online
Note: According to Kämpfer et al. (2018), Chromobacterium pseudoviolaceum Kämpfer et al. 2009 is a later heterotypic synonym of Chromobacterium violaceum Bergonzini 1880.
Reference: KÄMPFER, P., GLAESER, S. P. and SOBY, S. D. 2018. Chromobacterium pseudoviolaceum Kämpfer et al. 2009 is a later heterotypic synonym of Chromobacterium violaceum Bergonzini 1880. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 68, 2967-2968.
Article in IJSEM Online