Name: Citrobacter Werkman and Gillen 1932 (Approved Lists 1980)

Category: Genus

Proposed as: gen. nov.

Etymology: Ci.tro.bac’ter. L. fem. n. citrus, lemon; N.L. masc. n. bacter, a rod; N.L. masc. n. Citrobacter, intended to mean a citrate-utilizing rod

Gender, pronunciation (Latin): masculine (stem: Citrobacter-), ki-tro-BAK-ter

Type species: Citrobacter freundii (Braak 1928) Werkman and Gillen 1932 (Approved Lists 1980)

Conduct genome-based taxonomy of genus at TYGS

16S rRNA gene: Analyse FASTA

Effective publication: Werkman CH, Gillen GF. Bacteria Producing Trimethylene Glycol. J Bacteriol 1932; 23:167-182.

IJSEM list: Skerman VBD, McGowan V, Sneath PHA. Approved lists of bacterial names. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1980; 30:225-420.

Nomenclatural status: validly published under the ICNP

Taxonomic status: correct name

Risk group: 2

• Synonyms:

  • Name	Kind
    Levinea Young et al. 1971 (Approved Lists 1980)	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
    "Bethesda" Kauffmann and Edwards 1952	heterotypic synonym, not validly published

• Notes:
  • 🚋 The type species of this genus has alternatively been placed in the genus "Bacterium" Ehrenberg 1831. Publication: Braak HR. Onderzoekingen over vergisting van glycerine (Thesis). W.D. Meinema, Delft, 1928.
  • 🚋 The type species of this genus has alternatively been placed in the genus "Bethesda" Kauffmann and Edwards 1952. Publication: Kauffmann F, Edwards PR. Classification and Nomenclature of Enterobacteriaceae. International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and Taxonomy 1952; 2:2-8.
  • 🙄 This taxon name is occasionally misprinted (or affected by an OCR error) in some sources as: "Cifrabacter"; "Cilrobacter"; "Cirrobacter"; "Citerobacter"; "Citobacter"; "Citrobacrer"; "Citrobactcr"; "Citrobacteri"; "Citrobaeter"; "Citrobucter"; "Citrohacter"; "Ciuobacter"; "Cizrobacter"; "Cutrobacter"; "Cztrobacter"; "Gitrobacter"; "Oitrobacter". — 🤨 This taxon name is occasionally used in plural form as: "Citrobacteria".
  • 💁 Taxonomists who have recently focused on this group are the corresponding authors of Ribeiro et al. (2021), Ribeiro et al. (2017), Brenner et al. (1999). Editors in search of reviewers are advised to consider additional criteria such as whether a taxon is covered by one of the ICSP subcommittees.
  • 🎰 The BRCs most frequently used for deposits in this group are: DSM: 18; CIP: 14; CCUG: 13; ATCC: 13; JCM: 8; LMG: 5; NCTC: 4; KCTC: 3; CECT: 3; NCAIM: 1.
  • 😷 The risk group for Belgium has been imported on 2024-02-05. The full classification is: risk group = 1, note = "sp. biovar 4280: 1 animal pathogen - biological class of risk animal: 2". — The risk group for Canada has been imported on 2024-02-27. The full classification is: risk group = 2, note = "Animal classification RG: 2 - Security sensitive biological agent: No - Terrestrial animal pathogen under Canadian Food Inspection Agency authority: No - Containment level: Containment Level 2". — The risk group for Taiwan has been imported on 2024-11-03. The full classification is: risk group = 2, note = "P650 = v". — If in doubt, use the risk group given in the regulations for your country and, if these are not available, use the risk group given in the catalogue of the culture collection from which you have obtained or intend to obtain the strain.
  • 🧍 Pittman et al. (1991) suggested the abbreviation "CTBT" for this genus name but this does not appear to be of practical relevance any longer. Publication: Pittman KF, Walczak CA, Lock CM. Codes and abbreviations for approved of effectively published names of genera of bacteria published from January 1980 to December 1990. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1991; 41:571-579.
  • 🧍 See also Jabeen et al. (2023). Publication: Jabeen I, Islam S, Hassan AKMI, Tasnim Z, Shuvo SR. A brief insight into Citrobacter species - a growing threat to public health. Front Antibiot 2023; 2:1276982. 🇧🇩
  • 🧍 See also O'Hara et al. (1995). Publication: O'Hara CM, Roman SB, Miller JM. Ability of commercial identification systems to identify newly recognized species of Citrobacter. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:242-245. 🇺🇸
  • 🧍 This name was treated in Judicial Opinion 26. Publication: Judicial Commission. Judicial Opinion No. 26. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1963; 13:35-36.

Subdivision:

Number of child taxa with a validly published and correct name: 19
Number of child taxa with a validly published name, including synonyms: 20
Total number of child taxa: 27

• Child taxa:

  • Name	Nomenclatural status	Taxonomic status
    "Citrobacter album" (Schrire 1928) Werkman and Gillen 1932	not validly published	preferred name
    Citrobacter amalonaticus (Young et al. 1971) Brenner and Farmer 1982	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    "Citrobacter anindolicum" (Lembke 1896) Werkman and Gillen 1932	not validly published	preferred name
    Citrobacter arsenatis Wang et al. 2026	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    "Citrobacter bitternis" Ko et al. 2015	not validly published	preferred name
    Citrobacter braakii Brenner et al. 1993	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Citrobacter cronae Oberhettinger et al. 2020	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Citrobacter diversum (Burkey 1928) Werkman and Gillen 1932 (Approved Lists 1980)	inaccurate spelling and rejected	misspelling
    Citrobacter diversus corrig. (Burkey 1928) Werkman and Gillen 1932 (Approved Lists 1980)	validly published under the ICNP, rejected name	synonym
    Citrobacter enshiensis Zhang et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Citrobacter europaeus Ribeiro et al. 2017	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Citrobacter farmeri Brenner et al. 1993	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Citrobacter freundii (Braak 1928) Werkman and Gillen 1932 (Approved Lists 1980)	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Citrobacter gillenii Brenner et al. 2000	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    "Citrobacter intermedium" Werkman and Gillen 1932	not validly published	preferred name
    Citrobacter koseri Frederiksen 1970 (Approved Lists 1980)	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    "Citrobacter meridianamericanus" Furlan et al. 2023	not validly published	preferred name
    Citrobacter murliniae Brenner et al. 2000	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Citrobacter pasteurii Clermont et al. 2015	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Citrobacter portucalensis Ribeiro et al. 2017	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Citrobacter rodentium Schauer et al. 1996	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Citrobacter sedlakii Brenner et al. 1993	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Citrobacter telavivensis corrig. Ribeiro et al. 2021	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Citrobacter telavivum Ribeiro et al. 2021	inaccurate spelling	misspelling
    Citrobacter tructae Jung et al. 2026	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Citrobacter werkmanii Brenner et al. 1993	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Citrobacter youngae Brenner et al. 1993	validly published under the ICNP	correct name

Parent taxon: Enterobacteriaceae Rahn 1937 (Approved Lists 1980)

Assigned by: Adeolu M, Alnajar S, Naushad S, S Gupta R. Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the 'Enterobacteriales': proposal for Enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov., Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morganellaceae fam. nov., and Budviciaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:5575-5599. 🇨🇦

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Record number: 515376