Name: "Firmicutes" (Gibbons and Murray 1978) Garrity and Holt 2001

Category: Phylum

Proposed as: phyl. nov.

Gender: feminine

Type order: Bacillales Prévot 1953 (Approved Lists 1980)

Original publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.

Nomenclatural status: not validly published

Taxonomic status: synonym (and no standing)

Correct name: Bacillota Gibbons and Murray 2021

• Synonyms:

  • Name	Kind
    "Eurybacteria" Cavalier-Smith 1998	heterotypic synonym, not validly published
    "Bacillaeota" Oren et al. 2015	homotypic synonym, not validly published
    Bacillota Gibbons and Murray 2021	homotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
    "Endobacteria" (Cavalier-Smith 1998) Cavalier-Smith 2020	homotypic synonym, not validly published
    "Bacillota" Whitman et al. 2018	homotypic synonym, not validly published

• Notes:
  • Boone et al. (2001) assigned this phylum to the domain "Bacteria" Woese et al. 1990. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • Luketa (2012) assigned this phylum to the kingdom "Terrabacterida" Luketa 2012. Publication: Luketa S. New views on the megaclassification of life. Protistology 2012; 7:218-237.
  • Afouda et al. (2018) assigned the genus "Massilimalia" to this phylum. Publication: Afouda P, Dubourg G, Cadoret F, Fournier PE, Raoult D. 'Massilimalia timonensis' sp. nov., a new bacterium species isolated from human faeces after decontamination with alcohol. New Microbes New Infect 2018; 21:86-87.
  • Alauzet et al. (2014) assigned the class "Tissierellia" Alauzet et al. 2014 to this phylum. Publication: Alauzet C, Marchandin H, Courtin P, Mory F, Lemee L, Pons JL, Chapot-Chartier MP, Lozniewski A, Jumas-Bilak E. Multilocus analysis reveals diversity in the genus Tissierella: description of Tissierella carlieri sp. nov. in the new class Tissierellia classis nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 2014; 37:23-34.
  • Asao et al. (2012) assigned the genus "Candidatus Heliomonas" Asao et al. 2012 to this phylum. Publication: Asao M, Takaichi S, Madigan MT. Amino acid-assimilating phototrophic heliobacteria from soda lake environments: Heliorestis acidaminivorans sp. nov. and 'Candidatus Heliomonas lunata'. Extremophiles 2012; 16:585-595.
  • Bilen et al. (2017) assigned the genus "Mobilibacterium" Bilen et al. 2017 to this phylum. Publication: Bilen M, Ndongo S, Cadoret F, Dubourg G, Daoud Z, Fournier PE, Raoult D. 'Mobilibacterium massiliense' gen. nov. and 'Mobilibacterium timonense' sp. nov., identified in a human stool specimen. New Microbes New Infect 2017; 15:61-62.
  • Boone et al. (2001) assigned the class Mollicutes Edward and Freundt 1967 (Approved Lists 1980) to this phylum. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • Boone et al. (2001) assigned the class "Bacilli" to this phylum. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • Boone et al. (2001) assigned the class "Clostridia" to this phylum. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • Boxberger et al. (2019) assigned the genus "Alterileibacterium" Boxberger et al. 2019 to this phylum. Publication: Boxberger M, Anani H, La Scola B. Genome sequence and description of Alterileibacterium massiliense gen. nov., sp. nov., a new bacterium isolated from human ileum of a patient with Crohn's disease. New Microbes New Infect 2019; 30:100533.
  • Brahimi et al. (2017) assigned the genus "Ndongobacter" Brahimi et al. 2017 to this phylum. Publication: Brahimi S, Cadoret F, Fournier PE, Moal V, Raoult D. 'Ndongobacter massiliensis' gen. nov., sp. nov., a new bacterial genus isolated from a human urine sample after de novo kidney transplantation. New Microbes New Infect 2017; 16:34-36.
  • Chivian et al. (2008) assigned the genus "Candidatus Desulforudis" Chivian et al. 2008 to this phylum. Publication: Chivian D, Brodie EL, Alm EJ, Culley DE, Dehal PS, DeSantis TZ, Gihring TM, Lapidus A, Lin LH, Lowry SR, et al. Environmental genomics reveals a single-species ecosystem deep within Earth. Science 2008; 322:275-278.
  • De Vos et al. (2009) assigned the class Erysipelotrichia Ludwig et al. 2010 to this phylum. Publication: Ludwig W, Schleifer K-H, Whitman WB. Class III. Erysipelotrichia class nov. In: De Vos P, Garrity GM, Jones D, Krieg NR, Ludwig W, Rainey FA, K.-H. S, Whitman WB (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 3 (The Firmicutes), Springer, New York, 2009, p. 1298.
  • Fardeau et al. (2010) assigned the genus "Caldinitratiruptor" Fardeau et al. 2010 to this phylum. Publication: Fardeau ML, Barsotti V, Cayol JL, Guasco S, Michotey V, Joseph M, Bonin P, Ollivier B. Caldinitratiruptor microaerophilus, gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from a French hot spring (Chaudes-Aigues, Massif Central): a novel cultivated facultative microaerophilic anaerobic thermophile pertaining to the Symbiobacterium branch within the Firmicutes. Extremophiles 2010; 14:241-247.
  • Gilroy et al. (2022) assigned the order "Saccharofermentanales" Parks et al. 2018 to this phylum. Publication: Gilroy R, Leng J, Ravi A, Adriaenssens EM, Oren A, Baker D, La Ragione RM, Proudman C, Pallen MJ. Metagenomic investigation of the equine faecal microbiome reveals extensive taxonomic diversity. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13084.
  • Holanda et al. (2015) assigned the genus "Acidibacillus" Holanda et al. 2015 to this phylum. Publication: Holanda R, Hedrich S, Falagan C, Nancucheo I, Dall'Agnol H, Grail BM, Johnson DB. Characteristics of Acidibacillus Spp.: A Novel Genus of Acidophilic Iron-Oxidising Firmicutes. AMR 2015; 1130:36-39.
  • Johnson et al. (2009) assigned the genus "Desulfobacillus" Johnson et al. 2009 to this phylum. Publication: Johnson DB, Jameson E, Rowe OF, Wakeman K, Hallberg KB. Sulfidogenesis at low pH by acidophilic bacteria and its potential for the selective recovery of transition metals from mine waters. Adv Mat Res 2009; 71–73:693-696.
  • Jungbluth et al. (2017) assigned the genus "Candidatus Desulfopertinax" Jungbluth et al. 2017 to this phylum. Publication: Jungbluth SP, Glavina Del Rio T, Tringe SG, Stepanauskas R, Rappe MS. Genomic comparisons of a bacterial lineage that inhabits both marine and terrestrial deep subsurface systems. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3134.
  • Kadnikov et al. (2018) assigned the genus "Candidatus Carbonibacillus" corrig. Kadnikov et al. 2018 to this phylum. Publication: Kadnikov VV, Mardanov AV, Ivasenko DA, Antsiferov DV, Beletsky AV, Karnachuk OV, Ravin NV. Lignite coal burning seam in the remote Altai Mountains harbors a hydrogen-driven thermophilic microbial community. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6730.
  • Lagier et al. (2016) assigned the genus "Neofamilia" to this phylum. Publication: Lagier JC, Khelaifia S, Alou MT, Ndongo S, Dione N, Hugon P, Caputo A, Cadoret F, Traore SI, Seck EH, et al. Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16203.
  • Ludwig et al. (2021) assigned the genus Caecibacterium Oren et al. 2019 to this phylum. Publication: Ludwig W, Viver T, Westram R, Francisco Gago J, Bustos-Caparros E, Knittel K, Amann R, Rossello-Mora R. Release LTP_12_2020, featuring a new ARB alignment and improved 16S rRNA tree for prokaryotic type strains. Syst Appl Microbiol 2021; 44:126218.
  • Lv et al. (2020) assigned the order Moorellales Lv et al. 2020 to this phylum. Publication: Lv XM, Yang M, Dai LR, Tu B, Chang C, Huang Y, Deng Y, Lawson PA, Zhang H, Cheng L, et al. Zhaonella formicivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic formate-utilizing bacterium isolated from Shengli oilfield, and proposal of four novel families and Moorellales ord. nov. in the phylum Firmicutes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:3361-3373.
  • Marchandin et al. (2010) assigned the class Negativicutes Marchandin et al. 2010 to this phylum. Publication: Marchandin H, Teyssier C, Campos J, Jean-Pierre H, Roger F, Gay B, Carlier JP, Jumas-Bilak E. Negativicoccus succinicivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from human clinical samples, emended description of the family Veillonellaceae and description of Negativicutes classis nov., Selenomonadales ord. nov. and Acidaminococcaceae fam. nov. in the bacterial phylum Firmicutes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 60:1271-1279.
  • Neupane et al. (2020) assigned the class Culicoidibacteria Neupane et al. 2020 to this phylum. Publication: Neupane S, Ghosh A, Gunther S, Martin K, Zurek L. Culicoidibacter larvae gen. nov., sp. nov., from the gastrointestinal tract of the biting midge (Culicoides sonorensis) larva, belongs to a novel lineage Culicoidibacteraceae fam. nov., Culicoidibacterales ord. nov. and Culicoidibacteria classis nov. of the phylum Firmicutes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:6482-6490.
  • Pfleiderer et al. (2013) assigned the genus "Candidatus Soleaferrea" Pfleiderer et al. 2013 to this phylum. Publication: Pfleiderer A, Lagier JC, Armougom F, Robert C, Vialettes B, Raoult D. Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:1471-1481.
  • Pfleiderer et al. (2013) assigned the genus "Candidatus Ferrisolea" corrig. Pfleiderer et al. 2013 to this phylum. Publication: Pfleiderer A, Lagier JC, Armougom F, Robert C, Vialettes B, Raoult D. Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:1471-1481.
  • Pfleiderer et al. (2013) assigned the genus "Candidatus Stoquefichus" Pfleiderer et al. 2013 to this phylum. Publication: Pfleiderer A, Lagier JC, Armougom F, Robert C, Vialettes B, Raoult D. Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:1471-1481.
  • Ricaboni et al. (2017) assigned the genus "Colidextribacter" Ricaboni et al. 2017 to this phylum. Publication: Ricaboni D, Mailhe M, Cadoret F, Vitton V, Fournier PE, Raoult D. 'Colidextribacter massiliensis' gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from human right colon. New Microbes New Infect 2017; 17:27-29.
  • Ricaboni et al. (2017) assigned the genus "Negativibacillus" Ricaboni et al. 2017 to this phylum. Publication: Ricaboni D, Mailhe M, Vitton V, Andrieu C, Fournier PE, Raoult D. "Negativibacillus massiliensis" gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from human left colon. New Microbes New Infect 2017; 17:36-38.
  • Rosero et al. (2016) assigned the genus "Garciaella" Lavania et al. 2012 to this phylum. Publication: Rosero JA, Killer J, Sechovcova H, Mrazek J, Benada O, Fliegerova K, Havlik J, Kopecny J. Reclassification of Eubacterium rectale (Hauduroy et al. 1937) Prevot 1938 in a new genus Agathobacter gen. nov. as Agathobacter rectalis comb. nov., and description of Agathobacter ruminis sp. nov., isolated from the rumen contents of sheep and cows. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:768-773.
  • Sass et al. (2004) assigned the genus "Desulfosporomusa" Sass et al. 2004 to this phylum. Publication: Sass H, Overmann J, Rutters H, Babenzien HD, Cypionka H. Desulfosporomusa polytropa gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium from sediments of an oligotrophic lake. Arch Microbiol 2004; 182:204-211.
  • Sokolova et al. (2007) assigned the class Thermolithobacteria Sokolova et al. 2007 to this phylum. Publication: Sokolova T, Hanel J, Onyenwoke RU, Reysenbach AL, Banta A, Geyer R, Gonzalez JM, Whitman WB, Wiegel J. Novel chemolithotrophic, thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria Thermolithobacter ferrireducens gen. nov., sp. nov. and Thermolithobacter carboxydivorans sp. nov. Extremophiles 2007; 11:145-157.
  • Sorokin et al. (2021) assigned the class "Natranaerobiia" Sorokin et al. 2021 to this phylum. Publication: Sorokin DY, Diender M, Merkel AY, Koenen M, Bale NJ, Pabst M, Sinninghe Damste JS, Sousa DZ. Natranaerofaba carboxydovora gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely haloalkaliphilic CO-utilizing acetogen from a hypersaline soda lake representing a novel deep phylogenetic lineage in the class 'Natranaerobiia'. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:3460-3476.
  • Tall et al. (2019) assigned the genus "Massilimicrobiota" Tall et al. 2019 to this phylum. Publication: Tall ML, Ndongo S, Ngom II, Delerce J, Khelaifia S, Raoult D, Fournier PE, Levasseur A. Massilimicrobiota timonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new bacterium isolated from the human gut microbiota. New Microbes New Infect 2019; 31:100574.
  • Tall et al. (2020) assigned the genus "Massilistercora" Tall et al. 2020 to this phylum. Publication: Tall ML, Ndongo S, Ngom II, Delerce J, Khelaifia S, Raoult D, Fournier PE, Levasseur A. Massilistercora timonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new bacterium isolated from the human microbiota. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 35:100664.
  • Traore et al. (2016) assigned the family "Beduinellaceae" Traore et al. 2016 to this phylum. Publication: Traore SI, Azhar EI, Yasir M, Bibi F, Delerce J, Fournier PE, Jiman-Fatani AA, Lagier JC, Raoult D. 'Beduinella massiliensis', gen. nov., sp. nov. a new genus representing a new family in the phylum Firmicutes, and proposal of Beduinellaceae fam. nov. New Microbes New Infect 2016; 14:10-12.
  • Ungkulpasvich et al. (2021) assigned the genus Capillibacterium Ungkulpasvich et al. 2021 to this phylum. Publication: Ungkulpasvich U, Baramee S, Uke A, Kosugi A. Capillibacterium thermochitinicola gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel anaerobic thermophilic chitinolytic bacterium from compost. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 71:0.
  • Verbarg et al. (2004) assigned the family Erysipelotrichaceae Verbarg et al. 2004 to this phylum. Publication: Verbarg S, Rheims H, Emus S, Fruhling A, Kroppenstedt RM, Stackebrandt E, Schumann P. Erysipelothrix inopinata sp. nov., isolated in the course of sterile filtration of vegetable peptone broth, and description of Erysipelotrichaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004; 54:221-225.
  • Watanabe et al. (2015) assigned the class Limnochordia Watanabe et al. 2015 to this phylum. Publication: Watanabe M, Kojima H, Fukui M. Limnochorda pilosa gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic, facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic bacterium and proposal of Limnochordaceae fam. nov., Limnochordales ord. nov. and Limnochordia classis nov. in the phylum Firmicutes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:2378-2384.
  • Wu et al. (2022) assigned the class "Symbiobacteriia" Wang et al. 2021 to this phylum. Publication: Wu M, Li J, Leu AO, Erler DV, Stark T, Tyson GW, Yuan Z, McIlroy SJ, Guo J. Anaerobic oxidation of propane coupled to nitrate reduction by a lineage within the class Symbiobacteriia. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6115.
  • Zhang et al. (2016) assigned the genus "Trigonala" Zhang et al. 2016 to this phylum. Publication: Zhang X, Tao Y, Hu J, Liu G, Spanjers H, van Lier JB. Biomethanation and microbial community changes in a digester treating sludge from a brackish aquaculture recirculation system. Bioresour Technol 2016; 214:338-347.
  • This taxon name is occasionally misprinted in some sources as: "Fermicutes"; "Fimicutes"; "Fimzicutes"; "Finnicutes"; "Firmcutes"; "Firmucutes"; "Frimicutes". — This taxon name is occasionally used in singular form as: "Firmicute".
  • The e-mail address of the corresponding author given in the effective publication is not functional any more.
  • This taxon was discussed in a meeting of a Taxonomic Subcommittee of the ICSP. Publication: Anonymous NN. International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes: Minutes of the Interim Meetings, 1 and 2 August, 1992, Ames, Iowa. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1993; 43:394-397.
  • This taxon was discussed in a meeting of a Taxonomic Subcommittee of the ICSP. Publication: Tully J. International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology: Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1993; 43:394-397.

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Record number: 884