Name: "Bacteria" Woese et al. 1990

Category: Domain

Proposed as: new domain

Etymology: Bac.te’ri.a. Gr. neut. dim. n. baktêrion, small rod or staff; N.L. neut. pl. n. Bacteria, the domain of the bacteria

Original publication: Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:4576-4579.

Nomenclatural status: not validly published

Taxonomic status: synonym (and no standing)

Correct name: Bacteria Woese et al. 2024

• Synonyms:

  • Name	Kind
    "Bacteria" Cavalier-Smith 1987	heterotypic synonym, not validly published
    Bacteria Woese et al. 2024	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
    "Bacteriobiota" Luketa 2012	heterotypic synonym, not validly published

• Notes:
  • 🧒 Albertsen et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Saccharibacteria" Albertsen et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Albertsen M, Hugenholtz P, Skarshewski A, Nielsen KL, Tyson GW, Nielsen PH. Genome sequences of rare, uncultured bacteria obtained by differential coverage binning of multiple metagenomes. Nat Biotechnol 2013; 31:533-538.
  • 🧒 Anantharaman et al. (2016) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Margulisbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 to this domain. Publication: Anantharaman K, Brown CT, Hug LA, Sharon I, Castelle CJ, Probst AJ, Thomas BC, Singh A, Wilkins MJ, Karaoz U, et al. Thousands of microbial genomes shed light on interconnected biogeochemical processes in an aquifer system. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13219.
  • 🧒 Anantharaman et al. (2016) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Riflebacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 to this domain. Publication: Anantharaman K, Brown CT, Hug LA, Sharon I, Castelle CJ, Probst AJ, Thomas BC, Singh A, Wilkins MJ, Karaoz U, et al. Thousands of microbial genomes shed light on interconnected biogeochemical processes in an aquifer system. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13219.
  • 🧒 Anantharaman et al. (2016) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Peregrinibacteria" Wrighton et al. 2012 to this domain. Publication: Anantharaman K, Brown CT, Burstein D, Castelle CJ, Probst AJ, Thomas BC, Williams KH, Banfield JF. Analysis of five complete genome sequences for members of the class Peribacteria in the recently recognized Peregrinibacteria bacterial phylum. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1607.
  • 🧒 Barnum et al. (2018) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Muirbacteria" Barnum et al. 2018 to this domain. Publication: Barnum TP, Figueroa IA, Carlstrom CI, Lucas LN, Engelbrektson AL, Coates JD. Genome-resolved metagenomics identifies genetic mobility, metabolic interactions, and unexpected diversity in perchlorate-reducing communities. ISME J 2018; 12:1568-1581.
  • 🧒 Battistuzzi and Hedges (2009) assigned the superphylum "Hydrobacteria" Battistuzzi and Hedges 2009 to this domain. Publication: Battistuzzi FU, Hedges SB. A major clade of prokaryotes with ancient adaptations to life on land. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26:335-343.
  • 🧒 Battistuzzi et al. (2004) assigned the superphylum "Terrabacteria" Battistuzzi et al. 2004 to this domain. Publication: Battistuzzi FU, Feijao A, Hedges SB. A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land. BMC Evol Biol 2004; 4:44.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Aquificae" Reysenbach 2001 to this domain. Publication: Reysenbach AL. Phylum BI. Aquificae phy. nov. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 359-367.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Chrysiogenetes" Garrity and Holt 2001 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. Phylum BV. Chrysiogenetes phy. nov. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 421-425.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Thermomicrobia" Garrity and Holt 2001 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. Phylum BVII. Thermomicrobia phy. nov. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 447-450.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Thermotogae" Reysenbach 2001 to this domain. Publication: Reysenbach AL. Phylum BII. Thermotogae phy. nov. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 369-387.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Chlorobi" Garrity and Holt 2001 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. Phylum BXI. Chlorobi phy. nov. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 601-623.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Chloroflexi" Garrity and Holt 2001 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. Phylum BVI. Chloroflexi phy. nov. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria), Springer, New York, 2001, p. 427-446.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Deferribacteres" Garrity and Holt 2001 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. Phylum BIX. Deferribacteres phy. nov. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria), Springer, New York, 2001, p. 465-471.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Thermodesulfobacteria" Garrity and Holt 2001 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. Phylum BIII. Thermodesulfobacteria phy. nov. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria), Springer, New York, 2001, p. 389-393.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Chlamydiae" Garrity and Holt 2001 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Fibrobacteres" Garrity and Holt 2001 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Fusobacteria" Garrity and Holt 2001 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Deinococcus-Thermus" Weisburg et al. 1989 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Firmicutes" (Gibbons and Murray 1978) Garrity and Holt 2001 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Planctomycetes" Garrity and Holt 2001 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Spirochaetes" Garrity and Holt 2001 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Nitrospirae" Garrity and Holt 2001 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. Phylum BVIII. Nitrospirae phy. nov. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 451-464.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Bacteroidetes" to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Verrucomicrobia" to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • 🧒 Brenner et al. (2005) assigned the family Bradyrhizobiaceae Garrity et al. 2006 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T. Family VII. Bradyrhizobiaceae fam. nov. In: Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 2 (The Proteobacteria) part C (The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria), Springer, New York, 2005, p. 438.
  • 🧒 Brenner et al. (2005) assigned the phylum "Proteobacteria" Gray and Herwig 1996 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T. Phylum XIV. Proteobacteria phyl. nov. In: Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part B (The Gammaproteobacteria), Springer, New York, 2005, p. 1.
  • 🧒 Brown et al. (2015) assigned the superphylum "Parcubacteria" Brown et al. 2015 to this domain. Publication: Brown CT, Hug LA, Thomas BC, Sharon I, Castelle CJ, Singh A, Wilkins MJ, Wrighton KC, Williams KH, Banfield JF. Unusual biology across a group comprising more than 15% of domain Bacteria. Nature 2015; 523:208-211.
  • 🧒 Castelle et al. (2017) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Parcunitrobacteria" Castelle et al. 2017 to this domain. Publication: Castelle CJ, Brown CT, Thomas BC, Williams KH, Banfield JF. Unusual respiratory capacity and nitrogen metabolism in a Parcubacterium (OD1) of the Candidate Phyla Radiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40101.
  • 🧒 Cavalier-Smith (2002) assigned the order Stigonematales (ex Geitler 1925) Cavalier-Smith 2002 to this domain. Publication: Cavalier-Smith T. The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2002; 52:7-76.
  • 🧒 Cavalier-Smith (2002) assigned the subkingdom "Negibacteria" Cavalier-Smith 2002 to this domain. Publication: Cavalier-Smith T. The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2002; 52:7-76.
  • 🧒 Cavalier-Smith and Chao (2020) assigned the class "Clostridiia" Cavalier-Smith 2020 to this domain. Publication: Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE. Multidomain ribosomal protein trees and the planctobacterial origin of neomura (eukaryotes, archaebacteria). Protoplasma 2020; 257:621-753.
  • 🧒 Cho et al. (2004) assigned the phylum "Lentisphaerae" Cho et al. 2004 to this domain. Publication: Cho JC, Vergin KL, Morris RM, Giovannoni SJ. Lentisphaera araneosa gen. nov., sp. nov, a transparent exopolymer producing marine bacterium, and the description of a novel bacterial phylum, Lentisphaerae. Environ Microbiol 2004; 6:611-621.
  • 🧒 Colman et al. (2016) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Pyropristinus" Colman et al. 2016 to this domain. Publication: Colman DR, Jay ZJ, Inskeep WP, Jennings Rd, Maas KR, Rusch DB, Takacs-Vesbach CD. Novel, Deep-Branching Heterotrophic Bacterial Populations Recovered from Thermal Spring Metagenomes. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:304.
  • 🧒 Cui et al. (2021) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Tianyabacteria" Cui et al. 2021 to this domain. Publication: Cui G, Zhou Y, Li W, Gao Z, Huang J, Wang Y. A novel bacterial phylum that participates in carbon and osmolyte cycling in the Challenger Deep sediments. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:3758-3772.
  • 🧒 De Vos et al. (2009) assigned the family Ruminococcaceae Rainey 2010 to this domain. Publication: Rainey FA. Family VIII. Ruminococcaceae fam. nov. In: De Vos P, Garrity GM, Jones D, Krieg NR, Ludwig W, Rainey FA, K.-H. S, Whitman WB (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 3 (The Firmicutes), Springer, New York, 2009, p. 1016.
  • 🧒 Di Rienzi et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Melainabacteria" Di Rienzi et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Di Rienzi SC, Sharon I, Wrighton KC, Koren O, Hug LA, Thomas BC, Goodrich JK, Bell JT, Spector TD, Banfield JF, et al. The human gut and groundwater harbor non-photosynthetic bacteria belonging to a new candidate phylum sibling to Cyanobacteria. Elife 2013; 2:e01102.
  • 🧒 Dodsworth et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Atribacteria" Dodsworth et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Dodsworth JA, Blainey PC, Murugapiran SK, Swingley WD, Ross CA, Tringe SG, Chain PS, Scholz MB, Lo CC, Raymond J, et al. Single-cell and metagenomic analyses indicate a fermentative and saccharolytic lifestyle for members of the OP9 lineage. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1854.
  • 🧒 Eloe-Fadrosh et al. (2016) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Kryptonia" Eloe-Fadrosh et al. 2016 to this domain. Publication: Eloe-Fadrosh EA, Paez-Espino D, Jarett J, Dunfield PF, Hedlund BP, Dekas AE, Grasby SE, Brady AL, Dong H, Briggs BR, et al. Global metagenomic survey reveals a new bacterial candidate phylum in geothermal springs. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10476.
  • 🧒 Ettwig et al. (2010) assigned the genus "Candidatus Methylomirabilis" Ettwig et al. 2010 to this domain. Publication: Ettwig KF, Butler MK, Le Paslier D, Pelletier E, Mangenot S, Kuypers MM, Schreiber F, Dutilh BE, Zedelius J, de Beer D, et al. Nitrite-driven anaerobic methane oxidation by oxygenic bacteria. Nature 2010; 464:543-548.
  • 🧒 Geissinger et al. (2009) assigned the phylum "Elusimicrobia" Geissinger et al. 2009 to this domain. Publication: Geissinger O, Herlemann DP, Morschel E, Maier UG, Brune A. The ultramicrobacterium "Elusimicrobium minutum" gen. nov., sp. nov., the first cultivated representative of the termite group 1 phylum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:2831-2840.
  • 🧒 Goodfellow et al. (2012) assigned the phylum "Actinobacteria" Goodfellow 2012 to this domain. Publication: Goodfellow M. Phylum XXVI. Actinobacteria phyl. nov. In: Goodfellow M, Kämpfer P, H.-J. B, Trujillo ME, Suzuki K, Ludwig W, Whitman WB (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 5, Springer, New York, 2012, p. 33-34.
  • 🧒 Hahnke et al. (2016) assigned the phylum "Balneolaeota" Hahnke et al. 2016 to this domain. Publication: Hahnke RL, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Garcia-Lopez M, Mukherjee S, Huntemann M, Ivanova NN, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Klenk HP, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of Bacteroidetes. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2003.
  • 🧒 Hedlund et al. (1997) assigned the division "Verrucomicrobia" Hedlund et al. 1997 to this domain. Publication: Hedlund BP, Gosink JJ, Staley JT. Verrucomicrobia div. nov., a new division of the bacteria containing three new species of Prosthecobacter. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1997; 72:29-38.
  • 🧒 Hernsdorf et al. (2017) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Goldbacteria" Hernsdorf et al. 2017 to this domain. Publication: Hernsdorf AW, Amano Y, Miyakawa K, Ise K, Suzuki Y, Anantharaman K, Probst A, Burstein D, Thomas BC, Banfield JF. Potential for microbial H2 and metal transformations associated with novel bacteria and archaea in deep terrestrial subsurface sediments. ISME J 2017; 11:1915-1929.
  • 🧒 Ji et al. (2017) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Eremiobacteraeota" Ji et al. 2017 to this domain. Publication: Ji M, Greening C, Vanwonterghem I, Carere CR, Bay SK, Steen JA, Montgomery K, Lines T, Beardall J, van Dorst J, et al. Atmospheric trace gases support primary production in Antarctic desert surface soil. Nature 2017; 552:400-403.
  • 🧒 Ji et al. (2017) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Dormibacteraeota" Ji et al. 2017 to this domain. Publication: Ji M, Greening C, Vanwonterghem I, Carere CR, Bay SK, Steen JA, Montgomery K, Lines T, Beardall J, van Dorst J, et al. Atmospheric trace gases support primary production in Antarctic desert surface soil. Nature 2017; 552:400-403.
  • 🧒 Ji et al. (2021) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Eremiobacterota" corrig. Ji et al. 2017 to this domain. Publication: Ji M, Williams TJ, Montgomery K, Wong HL, Zaugg J, Berengut JF, Bissett A, Chuvochina M, Hugenholtz P, Ferrari BC. Candidatus Eremiobacterota, a metabolically and phylogenetically diverse terrestrial phylum with acid-tolerant adaptations. ISME J 2021; 15:2692-2707.
  • 🧒 Jumas-Bilak et al. (2009) assigned the phylum "Synergistetes" Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009 to this domain. Publication: Jumas-Bilak E, Roudiere L, Marchandin H. Description of 'Synergistetes' phyl. nov. and emended description of the phylum 'Deferribacteres' and of the family Syntrophomonadaceae, phylum 'Firmicutes'. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 59:1028-1035.
  • 🧒 Kantor et al. (2015) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Kapabacteria" Kantor et al. 2015 to this domain. Publication: Kantor RS, van Zyl AW, van Hille RP, Thomas BC, Harrison ST, Banfield JF. Bioreactor microbial ecosystems for thiocyanate and cyanide degradation unravelled with genome-resolved metagenomics. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4929-4941.
  • 🧒 Kirkegaard et al. (2016) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Fermentibacteria" Kirkegaard et al. 2016 to this domain. Publication: Kirkegaard RH, Dueholm MS, McIlroy SJ, Nierychlo M, Karst SM, Albertsen M, Nielsen PH. Genomic insights into members of the candidate phylum Hyd24-12 common in mesophilic anaerobic digesters. ISME J 2016; 10:2352-2364.
  • 🧒 Komarek and Golubic (1990) assigned the family "Nostochopsidaceae" to this domain. Publication: Komarek J, Golubic S. Guide to the Nomenclature and formal taxonomic treatment of oxyphototroph prokaryotes (Cyanoprokaryotes). Unknown Publisher, Unknown City, 1990.
  • 🧒 Krieg et al. (2010) assigned the phylum "Acidobacteria" Thrash and Coates 2010 to this domain. Publication: Paster BJ. Class I. Spirochaetia class. nov. In: Krieg NR, Staley JT, Brown DR, Hedlund BP, Paster BJ, et al. (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes, vol. 4, 2nd ed., Springer, New York, 2010, p. 471-563.
  • 🧒 Krieg et al. (2010) assigned the phylum "Dictyoglomi" Patel 2010 to this domain. Publication: Paster BJ. Class I. Spirochaetia class. nov. In: Krieg NR, Staley JT, Brown DR, Hedlund BP, Paster BJ, et al. (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes, vol. 4, 2nd ed., Springer, New York, 2010, p. 471-563.
  • 🧒 Kublanov et al. (2017) assigned the phylum "Calditrichaeota" Kublanov et al. 2017 to this domain. Publication: Kublanov IV, Sigalova OM, Gavrilov SN, Lebedinsky AV, Rinke C, Kovaleva O, Chernyh NA, Ivanova N, Daum C, Reddy TB, et al. Genomic Analysis of Caldithrix abyssi, the Thermophilic Anaerobic Bacterium of the Novel Bacterial Phylum Calditrichaeota. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:195.
  • 🧒 Lei et al. (2023) assigned the uncategorized "Monomycetes" Lei et al. 2023 to this domain. Publication: Lei H, Jin C, Xiao Z, Chen J, Leghari SJ, Pan H. Relationship between pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) root morphology, inter-root soil bacterial community structure and diversity under water-air intercropping conditions. Planta 2023; 257:98.
  • 🧒 Luecker et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Nitrospinae" Lücker et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Lucker S, Nowka B, Rattei T, Spieck E, Daims H. The Genome of Nitrospina gracilis Illuminates the Metabolism and Evolution of the Major Marine Nitrite Oxidizer. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:27.
  • 🧒 McLean et al. (2020) assigned the class "Candidatus Saccharimonadia" corrig. Lemos et al. 2019 to this domain. Publication: McLean JS, Bor B, Kerns KA, Liu Q, To TT, Solden L, Hendrickson EL, Wrighton K, Shi W, He X. Acquisition and Adaptation of Ultra-small Parasitic Reduced Genome Bacteria to Mammalian Hosts. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107939.
  • 🧒 Mori et al. (2009) assigned the phylum "Caldiserica" Mori et al. 2009 to this domain. Publication: Mori K, Yamaguchi K, Sakiyama Y, Urabe T, Suzuki K. Caldisericum exile gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic, filamentous bacterium of a novel bacterial phylum, Caldiserica phyl. nov., originally called the candidate phylum OP5, and description of Caldisericaceae fam. nov., Caldisericales ord. nov. and Caldisericia classis nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 59:2894-2898.
  • 🧒 Munoz et al. (2016) assigned the phylum "Rhodothermaeota" Munoz et al. 2016 to this domain. Publication: Munoz R, Rossello-Mora R, Amann R. Revised phylogeny of Bacteroidetes and proposal of sixteen new taxa and two new combinations including Rhodothermaeota phyl. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 2016; 39:281-296.
  • 🧒 Oren and Garrity (2021) assigned the phylum "Dictyoglomota" Whitman et al. 2018 to this domain. Publication: Oren A, Garrity GM. Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71:5056.
  • 🧒 Parks et al. (2018) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Patescibacteria" Parks et al. 2018 to this domain. Publication: Parks DH, Chuvochina M, Waite DW, Rinke C, Skarshewski A, Chaumeil PA, Hugenholtz P. A standardized bacterial taxonomy based on genome phylogeny substantially revises the tree of life. Nat Biotechnol 2018; 36:996-1004.
  • 🧒 Parte et al. (2020) assigned the class Microtatobiotes Philip 1956 (Approved Lists 1980) to this domain. Publication: Parte AC, Sarda Carbasse J, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Reimer LC, Goker M. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:5607-5612.
  • 🧒 Parte et al. (2020) assigned the division "Protophyta" Sachs 1874 to this domain. Publication: Parte AC, Sarda Carbasse J, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Reimer LC, Goker M. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:5607-5612.
  • 🧒 Probst et al. (2017) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Wirthbacteria" Hug et al. 2016 to this domain. Publication: Probst AJ, Castelle CJ, Singh A, Brown CT, Anantharaman K, Sharon I, Hug LA, Burstein D, Emerson JB, Thomas BC, et al. Genomic resolution of a cold subsurface aquifer community provides metabolic insights for novel microbes adapted to high CO2 concentrations. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:459-474.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Aminicenantes" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Aerophobetes" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Fervidibacteria" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Gracilibacteria" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Marinimicrobia" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Omnitrophica" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Acetothermia" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Calescamantes" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Hydrogenedentes" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Microgenomates" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Parcubacteria" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Aminicenantota" corrig. Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the superphylum "FCB" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the superphylum "Candidatus Patescibacteria" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rodriguez et al. (2020) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Elulota" Rodriguez et al. 2020 to this domain. Publication: Rodriguez-R LM, Tsementzi D, Luo C, Konstantinidis KT. Iterative subtractive binning of freshwater chronoseries metagenomes identifies over 400 novel species and their ecologic preferences. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:3394-3412.
  • 🧒 Sekiguchi et al. (2015) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Modulibacteria" Sekiguchi et al. 2015 to this domain. Publication: Sekiguchi Y, Ohashi A, Parks DH, Yamauchi T, Tyson GW, Hugenholtz P. First genomic insights into members of a candidate bacterial phylum responsible for wastewater bulking. PeerJ 2015; 3:e740.
  • 🧒 Sleep (2018) assigned the subdomain "Selabacteria" Battistuzzi and Hedges 2009 to this domain. Publication: Sleep NH. Geological and Geochemical Constraints on the Origin and Evolution of Life. Astrobiology 2018; 18:1199-1219.
  • 🧒 Song et al. (2021) assigned the order "Treponematales" to this domain. Publication: Song Y, Herve V, Radek R, Pfeiffer F, Zheng H, Brune A. Characterization and phylogenomic analysis of Breznakiella homolactica gen. nov. sp. nov. indicate that termite gut treponemes evolved from non-acetogenic spirochetes in cockroaches. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4228-4245.
  • 🧒 Spring et al. (2016) assigned the phylum "Kiritimatiellaeota" Spring et al. 2016 to this domain. Publication: Spring S, Bunk B, Sproer C, Schumann P, Rohde M, Tindall BJ, Klenk HP. Characterization of the first cultured representative of Verrucomicrobia subdivision 5 indicates the proposal of a novel phylum. ISME J 2016; 10:2801-2816.
  • 🧒 Tamaki et al. (2011) assigned the phylum "Armatimonadetes" Tamaki et al. 2011 to this domain. Publication: Tamaki H, Tanaka Y, Matsuzawa H, Muramatsu M, Meng XY, Hanada S, Mori K, Kamagata Y. Armatimonas rosea gen. nov., sp. nov., of a novel bacterial phylum, Armatimonadetes phyl. nov., formally called the candidate phylum OP10. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2011; 61:1442-1447.
  • 🧒 Waite et al. (2020) assigned the family Desulfocapsaceae Waite et al. 2020 to this domain. Publication: Waite DW, Chuvochina M, Pelikan C, Parks DH, Yilmaz P, Wagner M, Loy A, Naganuma T, Nakai R, Whitman WB, et al. Proposal to reclassify the proteobacterial classes Deltaproteobacteria and Oligoflexia, and the phylum Thermodesulfobacteria into four phyla reflecting major functional capabilities. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:5972-6016.
  • 🧒 Waite et al. (2020) assigned the phylum "Desulfobacterota" Waite et al. 2020 to this domain. Publication: Waite DW, Chuvochina M, Pelikan C, Parks DH, Yilmaz P, Wagner M, Loy A, Naganuma T, Nakai R, Whitman WB, et al. Proposal to reclassify the proteobacterial classes Deltaproteobacteria and Oligoflexia, and the phylum Thermodesulfobacteria into four phyla reflecting major functional capabilities. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:5972-6016.
  • 🧒 Ward et al. (2018) assigned the class "Candidatus Thermofontia" corrig. Ward et al. 2018 to this domain. Publication: Ward LM, Hemp J, Shih PM, McGlynn SE, Fischer WW. Evolution of Phototrophy in the Chloroflexi Phylum Driven by Horizontal Gene Transfer. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:260.
  • 🧒 Watanabe et al. (2020) assigned the phylum "Desulfotomaculota" Watanabe et al. 2019 to this domain. Publication: Watanabe M, Fukui M, Kuever J. Desulfoluciania gen. nov. In: Anonymous Nn e (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2020, p. 1-4.
  • 🧒 Yadav et al. (2020) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Mcinerneyibacteriota" Yadav et al. 2020 to this domain. Publication: Yadav A, Vilcaez J, Farag IF, Johnson B, Mueller K, Youssef NH, Elshahed MS. Candidatus Mcinerneyibacterium aminivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., the first representative of the candidate phylum Mcinerneyibacteriota phyl. nov. recovered from a high temperature, high salinity tertiary oil reservoir in north central Oklahoma, USA. Syst Appl Microbiol 2020; 43:126057.
  • 🧒 Yeoh et al. (2016) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Dependentiae" Yeoh et al. 2016 to this domain. Publication: Yeoh YK, Sekiguchi Y, Parks DH, Hugenholtz P. Comparative Genomics of Candidate Phylum TM6 Suggests That Parasitism Is Widespread and Ancestral in This Lineage. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:915-927.
  • 🧒 Zhang et al. (2003) assigned the phylum "Gemmatimonadetes" Zhang et al. 2003 to this domain. Publication: Zhang H, Sekiguchi Y, Hanada S, Hugenholtz P, Kim H, Kamagata Y, Nakamura K. Gemmatimonas aurantiaca gen. nov., sp. nov., a gram-negative, aerobic, polyphosphate-accumulating micro-organism, the first cultured representative of the new bacterial phylum Gemmatimonadetes phyl. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2003; 53:1155-1163.
  • 🙄 This taxon name is occasionally misprinted (or affected by an OCR error) in some sources as: "Bacteira"; "Bacteriaa"; "Bacterie"; "Bacterima"; "Bacteriota"; "Bacteriua"; "Bncteria".
  • 🔨 This taxon name is replaced by Bacteria Woese et al. 2024.
  • 😡 This taxon name is a homonym of "Bacteria" Cavalier-Smith 2002.
  • 😡 This taxon name is a homonym of "Bacteria" Cavalier-Smith 1987.
  • 😟 A nomenclatural type has not been designated.
  • 🖹 Minimal standards for the description of new taxa in this group were published in 2010. Publication: Tindall BJ, Rossello-Mora R, Busse HJ, Ludwig W, Kampfer P. Notes on the characterization of prokaryote strains for taxonomic purposes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 60:249-266.
  • 🖹 Minimal standards for the description of new taxa in this group were published in 2018. Publication: Chun J, Oren A, Ventosa A, Christensen H, Arahal DR, da Costa MS, Rooney AP, Yi H, Xu XW, De Meyer S, et al. Proposed minimal standards for the use of genome data for the taxonomy of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:461-466.
  • 🧔 This taxon was discussed in a meeting of a Taxonomic Subcommittee of the ICSP. Publication: On SLW. Minutes of the inaugural 25 October 2022 meeting of International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP) Subcommittees on Taxonomy representatives: challenges, trends, and perspectives for microbial taxonomists. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:6075.

Parent taxon: None.

Assigned by: Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:4576-4579.

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Record number: 167