Name: Firmicutes corrig. Gibbons and Murray 1978 (Approved Lists 1980)

Category: Division

Proposed as: new division

Etymology: Fir.mi.cu’tes. L. masc. adj. firmus, strong, stout, durable; L. fem. n. cutis, skin; N.L. fem. pl. n. Firmicutes, division with thick and strong skin, to indicate gram-positive type of cell wall

Type order: Bacillales Prévot 1953 (Approved Lists 1980)

Effective publication: Gibbons NE, Murray RGE. Proposals Concerning the Higher Taxa of Bacteria. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1978; 28:1-6.

IJSEM list: Skerman VBD, McGowan V, Sneath PHA. Approved lists of bacterial names. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1980; 30:225-420.

Nomenclatural status: validly published under the ICNP, rejected name

Taxonomic status: not in use

• Synonyms:

  • Name	Kind
    "Posibacteria" Cavalier-Smith 2002	homotypic synonym, not validly published
    Firmacutes Gibbons and Murray 1978 (Approved Lists 1980)	other spelling of name, inaccurate spelling and rejected

• Notes:
  • 🧕 Murray (1984) assigned this division to the kingdom "Procaryotae" Murray 1968. Publication: Murray RGE. The higher taxa, or, a place for everything..? In: Krieg NR, Holt JG (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, first edition, vol. 1, The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1984, p. 31-34.
  • 🧒 De Vos et al. (2009) assigned the family Peptostreptococcaceae Ezaki 2010 to this division. Publication: Ezaki T. Family VII. Peptostreptococcaceae fam. nov. In: De Vos P, Garrity GM, Jones D, Krieg NR, Ludwig W, Rainey FA, K.-H. S, Whitman WB (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 3 (The Firmicutes), Springer, New York, 2009, p. 1008.
  • 🧒 Gibbons and Murray (1978) assigned the genus Actinomyces Harz 1877 (Approved Lists 1980) to this division. Publication: Gibbons NE, Murray RGE. Proposals Concerning the Higher Taxa of Bacteria. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1978; 28:1-6.
  • 🧒 Gibbons and Murray (1978) assigned the genus Bacillus Cohn 1872 (Approved Lists 1980) to this division. Publication: Gibbons NE, Murray RGE. Proposals Concerning the Higher Taxa of Bacteria. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1978; 28:1-6.
  • 🧒 Gibbons and Murray (1978) assigned the order Actinomycetales Buchanan 1917 (Approved Lists 1980) to this division. Publication: Gibbons NE, Murray RGE. Proposals Concerning the Higher Taxa of Bacteria. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1978; 28:1-6.
  • 🧒 Jabari et al. (2012) assigned the family Defluviitaleaceae Jabari et al. 2012 to this division. Publication: Jabari L, Gannoun H, Cayol JL, Hamdi M, Fauque G, Ollivier B, Fardeau ML. Characterization of Defluviitalea saccharophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic bacterium isolated from an upflow anaerobic filter treating abattoir wastewaters, and proposal of Defluviitaleaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 62:550-555.
  • 🧒 Murray (1984) assigned the class Firmibacteria Murray 1988 to this division. Publication: Murray RGE. The higher taxa, or, a place for everything..? In: Krieg NR, Holt JG (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, first edition, vol. 1, The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1984, p. 31-34.
  • 🧒 Murray (1984) assigned the class "Thallobacteria" Murray 1984 to this division. Publication: Murray RGE. The higher taxa, or, a place for everything..? In: Krieg NR, Holt JG (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, first edition, vol. 1, The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1984, p. 31-34.
  • 🧒 Sokolova et al. (2007) assigned the class Thermolithobacteria Sokolova et al. 2007 to this division. Publication: Sokolova T, Hanel J, Onyenwoke RU, Reysenbach AL, Banta A, Geyer R, Gonzalez JM, Whitman WB, Wiegel J. Novel chemolithotrophic, thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria Thermolithobacter ferrireducens gen. nov., sp. nov. and Thermolithobacter carboxydivorans sp. nov. Extremophiles 2007; 11:145-157.
  • 🧒 Sorokin and Merkel (2021) assigned the class Desulfitisporia Sorokin and Merkel 2023 to this division. Publication: Sorokin DY, Merkel AY. Desulfitisporia class. nov. In: Anonymous NN (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2021, p. 1-2.
  • 🙄 This taxon name is occasionally misprinted (or affected by an OCR error) in some sources as: "Fermicutes"; "Fermincutes"; "Fimicutes"; "Fimzicutes"; "Finnicutes"; "Firimicutes"; "Firmcutes"; "Firmictutes"; "Firmiicutes"; "Firmucutes"; "Firnicutes"; "Frimicutes"; "Furmicutes". — 🤨 This taxon name is occasionally used in singular form as: "Firmicute".
  • 🧔 This taxon was discussed in a meeting of a Taxonomic Subcommittee of the ICSP. Publication: Anonymous NN. International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes: Minutes of the Interim Meetings, 1 and 2 August, 1992, Ames, Iowa. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1993; 43:394-397.
  • 🧔 This taxon was discussed in a meeting of a Taxonomic Subcommittee of the ICSP. Publication: Tully J. International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology: Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1993; 43:394-397.
  • 😴 The taxonomic category of this name is not currently in use in the LPSN hierarchy. For this reason, this name does not have a parent taxon and does not have child taxa.
  • 🧍 Rejected name (Opinion 129). The nomenclature of Firmicutes corrig. (= Firmacutes Gibbons and Murray 1978) is unusual because the name was included in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names (Skerman et al. 1980) although the given taxonomic category, division, had already been removed from the revision of the ICNB (now ICNP) in effect at that time. Thus, the inclusion of that name in the Approved Lists appears to be a mistake. If one regarded the name as validly published in accordance with Rule 24a of the ICNP, it would be illegitimate because of the deviating category. However, according to General Consideration 7 one of the central tasks of nomenclature is to define the terms used to denote the taxonomic categories and their relative ranks. For this reason, a validly published name with a category not included in the ICNB/ICNP is an extreme case. Thus, the name Firmicutes corrig. could also be treated as not being validly published. Notably, when the phylum category was introduced into the ICNP in 2021, a clause that equalized phylum and division was not included. For this reason, Firmicutes corrig. remains to be affected by being proposed with the wrong category. LPSN regards division and phylum as categories of the same rank, but, for the purpose of assessing the status of a taxon name, the ICNP itself would need to define division and phylum as being synonymous. Notably, if Firmicutes corrig. was validly published at the rank of phylum it would still be illegitimate because the formation of the name contravenes Rule 8. The name Firmicutes corrig. is not derived from the stem of the name of the type genus, but this is enforced by Rule 8 without the possibility to make an exception. Publication: Arahal et al. Judicial Opinion No. 129. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74:6064.
  • 🧍 The original spelling, Firmacutes (sic), has been corrected by Murray 1984, who still gave division as the taxonomic category instead of phylum. Publication: Murray RGE. The higher taxa, or, a place for everything..? In: Krieg NR, Holt JG (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, first edition, vol. 1, The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1984, p. 31-34.

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Record number: 777