Class Clostridia

Name: Clostridia Rainey 2010

Category: Class

Proposed as: class. nov.

Etymology: Clos.tri’di.a. N.L. neut. dim. n. Clostridium, type genus of the class; N.L. neut. dim. pl. n. Clostridia, the class of Clostridium (nominative plural of Clostridium)

Pronunciation (Latin), gender: klos-TRI-di-a, neuter

Type genus: Clostridium Prazmowski 1880 (Approved Lists 1980)

Effective publication: Rainey FA. Class II. Clostridia class nov. In: De Vos P, Garrity GM, Jones D, Krieg NR, Ludwig W, Rainey FA, K.-H. S, Whitman WB (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 3 (The Firmicutes), Springer, New York, 2009, p. 736. 🇧🇪

IJSEM list: Euzeby JP. Validation list no. 132. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 60:469-472.

Nomenclatural status: validly published under the ICNP

Taxonomic status: correct name

Synonyms:

Name	Kind
Thermosediminibacteria Chuvochina et al. 2024	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
"Moorellia" Sorokin et al. 2020	heterotypic synonym, not validly published
Thermodesulfobiia Frolov et al. 2023	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
"Thermoanaerobacteria" Sorokin et al. 2020	heterotypic synonym, not validly published
"Natranaerobiia" Sorokin et al. 2021	heterotypic synonym, not validly published
"Clostridiia" Cavalier-Smith 2020	homotypic synonym, not validly published
"Desulfotomaculia" Watanabe et al. 2019	heterotypic synonym, not validly published
Desulfitobacteriia Chuvochina et al. 2024	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
Peptococcia Chuvochina et al. 2024	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
Sulfobacillia Chuvochina et al. 2024	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
Desulfitisporia Sorokin and Merkel 2023	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
"Symbiobacteriia" Wang et al. 2021	heterotypic synonym, not validly published
Natranaerobiia Chuvochina et al. 2024	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
Desulfotomaculia Chuvochina et al. 2024	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
Thermincolia Chuvochina et al. 2024	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
"Tissierellia" Alauzet et al. 2014	heterotypic synonym, not validly published
"Halanaerobiia" Cavalier-Smith 2020	heterotypic synonym, not validly published
Symbiobacteriia Chuvochina et al. 2024	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP

Notes:
- 🧒 Boltyanskaya et al. (2023) assigned the family Halarsenatibacteraceae Boltyanskaya et al. 2023 to this class. Publication: Boltyanskaya YV, Kevbrin VV, Grouzdev DS, Detkova EN, Koziaeva VV, Novikov AA, Zhilina TN. Halonatronomonas betaini gen. nov., sp. nov., a haloalkaliphilic isolate from soda lake capable of betaine degradation and proposal of Halarsenatibacteraceae fam. nov. and Halothermotrichaceae fam. nov. within the order Halanaerobiales. Syst Appl Microbiol 2023; 46:126407. 🇷🇺
- 🧒 Boltyanskaya et al. (2023) assigned the family Halothermotrichaceae Boltyanskaya et al. 2023 to this class. Publication: Boltyanskaya YV, Kevbrin VV, Grouzdev DS, Detkova EN, Koziaeva VV, Novikov AA, Zhilina TN. Halonatronomonas betaini gen. nov., sp. nov., a haloalkaliphilic isolate from soda lake capable of betaine degradation and proposal of Halarsenatibacteraceae fam. nov. and Halothermotrichaceae fam. nov. within the order Halanaerobiales. Syst Appl Microbiol 2023; 46:126407. 🇷🇺
- 🧒 Cheng et al. (2025) assigned the family "Candidatus Darwinibacteriaceae" Cheng et al. 2025 to this class. Publication: Cheng GB, Bongcam-Rudloff E, Schnurer A. Metagenomic Exploration Uncovers Several Novel 'Candidatus' Species Involved in Acetate Metabolism in High-Ammonia Thermophilic Biogas Processes. Microb Biotechnol 2025; 18:e70133. 🇸🇪
- 🧒 De Vos et al. (2009) assigned the family Peptostreptococcaceae Ezaki 2010 to this class. Publication: Rainey FA. Class II. Clostridia class nov. In: De Vos P, Garrity GM, Jones D, Krieg NR, Ludwig W, Rainey FA, K.-H. S, Whitman WB (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 3 (The Firmicutes), Springer, New York, 2009, p. 736. 🇧🇪
- 🧒 De Vos et al. (2009) assigned the order Clostridiales Prévot 1953 (Approved Lists 1980) to this class. Publication: Rainey FA. Class II. Clostridia class nov. In: De Vos P, Garrity GM, Jones D, Krieg NR, Ludwig W, Rainey FA, K.-H. S, Whitman WB (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 3 (The Firmicutes), Springer, New York, 2009, p. 736. 🇧🇪
- 🧒 Fisher et al. (2026) assigned the family Guggenheimellaceae Fisher et al. 2026 to this class. Publication: Fisher LA, Dangre SR, McKaig JM, Lawson PA, Inman BG, Odenheimer A, Plattner TA, Quartini E, Carr CE, Doran PT, et al. Halotolerantifilum yawarlongkerapense gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel halotolerant and thermotolerant bacterium isolated from Lake Warden, and proposal of Guggenheimellaceae fam. nov. in the order Peptostreptococcales. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2026; 76:7084. 🇺🇸
- 🧒 Glendinning et al. (2020) assigned the order "Christensenellales" Parks et al. 2018 to this class. Publication: Glendinning L, Stewart RD, Pallen MJ, Watson KA, Watson M. Assembly of hundreds of novel bacterial genomes from the chicken caecum. Genome Biol 2020; 21:34. 🇬🇧
- 🧒 Glendinning et al. (2020) assigned the order "Oscillospirales" Glendinning et al. 2020 to this class. Publication: Glendinning L, Stewart RD, Pallen MJ, Watson KA, Watson M. Assembly of hundreds of novel bacterial genomes from the chicken caecum. Genome Biol 2020; 21:34. 🇬🇧
- 🧒 Glendinning et al. (2020) assigned the order "Lachnospirales" Parks et al. 2018 to this class. Publication: Glendinning L, Stewart RD, Pallen MJ, Watson KA, Watson M. Assembly of hundreds of novel bacterial genomes from the chicken caecum. Genome Biol 2020; 21:34. 🇬🇧
- 🧒 Hildebrand et al. (2019) assigned the order "Candidatus Comantemales" Hildebrand et al. 2019 to this class. Publication: Hildebrand F, Moitinho-Silva L, Blasche S, Jahn MT, Gossmann TI, Huerta-Cepas J, Hercog R, Luetge M, Bahram M, Pryszlak A, et al. Antibiotics-induced monodominance of a novel gut bacterial order. Gut 2019; 68:1781-1790. 🇩🇪
- 🧒 Hildebrand et al. (2020) assigned the order "Candidatus Borkfalkiales" Hildebrand et al. 2020 to this class. Publication: Hildebrand F, Pallen MJ, Bork P. Towards standardisation of naming novel prokaryotic taxa in the age of high-throughput microbiology. Gut 2020; 69:1358-1359. 🇬🇧
- 🧒 Hsu et al. (2024) assigned the order Moorellales Lv et al. 2020 to this class. Publication: Hsu D, Flynn JR, Schuler CJ, Santelli CM, Toner BM, Bond DR, Gralnick JA. Isolation and genomic analysis of "Metallumcola ferriviriculae" MK1, a Gram-positive, Fe(III)-reducing bacterium from the Soudan Underground Mine, an iron-rich Martian analog site. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0004424. 🇺🇸
- 🧒 Kevbrin and Boltyanskaya (2024) assigned the family Proteinivoracaceae corrig. Kevbrin et al. 2014 to this class. Publication: Kevbrin VV, Boltyanskaya YV. Proteinivoracaceae Kevbrin et al. 2013, VL155. In: Whitman WB, Rainey FA, Kämpfer P, Trujillo ME, DeVos P, Hedlund B, Dedysh S (eds), Bergey's Manual of Archaea and Bacteria., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2024, p. 1-5. 🇷🇺
- 🧒 Kevbrin et al. (2013) assigned the family Proteinivoracaceae corrig. Kevbrin et al. 2014 to this class. Publication: Kevbrin V, Boltyanskaya Y, Zhilina T, Kolganova T, Lavrentjeva E, Kuznetsov B. Proteinivorax tanatarense gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, haloalkaliphilic, proteolytic bacterium isolated from a decaying algal bloom, and proposal of Proteinivoraceae fam. nov. Extremophiles 2013; 17:747-756. 🇷🇺
- 🧒 Kondo and Kataoka (2026) assigned the family "Kamagatellaceae" Kondo and Kataoka 2026 to this class. Publication: Kondo R, Kataoka T. Kamagatella elastica gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium representing the family Kamagatellaceae fam. nov. within the order Tissierellales, isolated from a xenic culture of an anaerobic bacterivorous protist. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2026; 119:0. 🇯🇵
- 🧒 Liu et al. (2020) assigned the family Xylanivirgaceae Liu et al. 2020 to this class. Publication: Liu L, Lv AP, Ming YZ, Jiao JY, Xiao M, Lin JG, Gu JD, Salam N, Li WJ. A xylan-degrading thermophilic and obligate anaerobe Xylanivirga thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from an anammox dominant wastewater treatment plant, and proposal of Xylanivirgaceae fam. nov. Anaerobe 2020; 61:102075. 🇨🇳
- 🧒 Liu et al. (2021) assigned the family "Bianqueaceae" Liu et al. 2021 to this class. Publication: Liu C, Du MX, Abuduaini R, Yu HY, Li DH, Wang YJ, Zhou N, Jiang MZ, Niu PX, Han SS, et al. Enlightening the taxonomy darkness of human gut microbiomes with a cultured biobank. Microbiome 2021; 9:119. 🇨🇳
- 🧒 Liu et al. (2021) assigned the family "Feifaniaceae" Liu et al. 2021 to this class. Publication: Liu C, Du MX, Abuduaini R, Yu HY, Li DH, Wang YJ, Zhou N, Jiang MZ, Niu PX, Han SS, et al. Enlightening the taxonomy darkness of human gut microbiomes with a cultured biobank. Microbiome 2021; 9:119. 🇨🇳
- 🧒 Liu et al. (2021) assigned the family "Yeguiaceae" Liu et al. 2021 to this class. Publication: Liu C, Du MX, Abuduaini R, Yu HY, Li DH, Wang YJ, Zhou N, Jiang MZ, Niu PX, Han SS, et al. Enlightening the taxonomy darkness of human gut microbiomes with a cultured biobank. Microbiome 2021; 9:119. 🇨🇳
- 🧒 Miyazaki et al. (2024) assigned the genus Helicovermis Miyazaki et al. 2024 to this class. Publication: Miyazaki U, Mizutani D, Hashimoto Y, Tame A, Sawayama S, Miyazaki J, Takai K, Nakagawa S. Helicovermis profundi gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel mesophilic, asporogenous bacterium within the Clostridia isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2024; 117:24. 🇯🇵
- 🧒 Morotomi et al. (2012) assigned the family Christensenellaceae Morotomi et al. 2012 to this class. Publication: Morotomi M, Nagai F, Watanabe Y. Description of Christensenella minuta gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from human faeces, which forms a distinct branch in the order Clostridiales, and proposal of Christensenellaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 62:144-149. 🇯🇵
- 🧒 Ndongo et al. (2019) assigned the genus "Massilicoli" Ndongo et al. 2019 to this class. Publication: Ndongo S, Tall ML, Ngom II, Fournier PE, Levasseur A, Raoult D, Khelaifia S. Massilicoli timonensis sp. nov., a new bacterium isolated from the human microbiota. New Microbes New Infect 2019; 32:100592. 🇫🇷
- 🧒 Petzoldt et al. (2016) assigned the genus Harryflintia Petzoldt et al. 2016 to this class. Publication: Petzoldt D, Breves G, Rautenschlein S, Taras D. Harryflintia acetispora gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from chicken caecum. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:4099-4104. 🇩🇪
- 🧒 Puchol-Royo et al. (2025) assigned the order "Candidatus Darwinibacteriales" Puchol-Royo et al. 2025 to this class. Publication: Puchol-Royo R, Pascual J, Ortega-Legarreta A, Otto P, Tideman J, de Vries SJ, Abendroth C, Tanner K, Porcar M, Latorre-Perez A. Metagenomic Insights Into the Ecology, Taxonomy and Metabolic Capabilities of 'Candidatus Darwinibacteriales' Ord. Nov. (Formerly MBA03), a Potential Key Player in Anaerobic Digestion. Microb Biotechnol 2025; 18:e70258. 🇪🇸
- 🧒 Shiratori-Takano et al. (2014) assigned the family Symbiobacteriaceae Shiratori-Takano et al. 2014 to this class. Publication: Shiratori-Takano H, Akita K, Yamada K, Itoh T, Sugihara T, Beppu T, Ueda K. Description of Symbiobacterium ostreiconchae sp. nov., Symbiobacterium turbinis sp. nov. and Symbiobacterium terraclitae sp. nov., isolated from shellfish, emended description of the genus Symbiobacterium and proposal of Symbiobacteriaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:3375-3383. 🇯🇵
- 🧒 Sorokin and Merkel (2024) assigned the family Natranaerovirgaceae Sorokin and Merkel 2024 to this class. Publication: Sorokin DY, Merkel AY. Natranaerovirgaceae. In: Whitman W (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2024, p. 1-1. 🇳🇱
- 🧒 Spring (2020) assigned the family Thermohalobacteraceae Spring 2021 to this class. Publication: Spring S. Thermohalobacteraceae fam. nov. In: Anonymous NN (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2020, p. 1-8. 🇩🇪
- 🧒 Westerholm et al. (2010) assigned the genus Syntrophaceticus Westerholm et al. 2011 to this class. Publication: Westerholm M, Roos S, Schnurer A. Syntrophaceticus schinkii gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacterium isolated from a mesophilic anaerobic filter. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 309:100-104. 🇸🇪
- 🚃 The type genus of this class has alternatively been placed in the class Teichobacteria Cavalier-Smith 2002. Publication: Cavalier-Smith T. The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2002; 52:7-76. 🇬🇧
- 🙄 This taxon name is occasionally misprinted (or affected by an OCR error) in some sources as: "Clostidia"; "Clostrida".
- 💁 Taxonomists who have recently focused on this group are the corresponding authors of Lv et al. (2020). Editors in search of reviewers are advised to consider additional criteria such as whether a taxon is covered by one of the ICSP subcommittees.
- 🎰 The BRCs most frequently used for deposits in this group are: DSM: 1428; ATCC: 745; JCM: 665; CCUG: 316; KCTC: 234; CGMCC: 231; CIP: 229; LMG: 153; CSUR: 149; NCTC: 146.
- 🧍 Nomenclatural type changed from Clostridiales Prévot 1953 (Approved Lists 1980) based on new Rule 22. Publication: Oren A. Emendation of Rules 8, 15, 22, 25a, 30(3)(b), 30(4), 34a, and Appendix 7 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:6070. 🇮🇱
- 🧍 This name was mentioned in a Request for an Opinion. Publication: Oren A, Parte A, Garrity GM. Implementation of Rule 8 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes for the renaming of classes. Request for an Opinion. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:4296-4298. 🇮🇱
- 🧍 This name was mentioned in a Request for an Opinion. Rule 8 of the 2022 revision of the ICNP does not require that the name of a class validly published before 1 January 2012 be formed from the stem of the name of the type genus of the type order of the class plus the ending ia. This class name is orthographically correct (nominative plural of a 2nd declension neuter noun). Publication: Goker M. Solving the remaining problems with names of classes. Request for an Opinion. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72:5605. 🇩🇪

Subdivision:

Number of child taxa with a validly published and correct name: 10
Number of child taxa with a validly published name, including synonyms: 33
Total number of child taxa: 47

Child taxa:

Name	Nomenclatural status	Taxonomic status
Acetivibrionales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Ammonificales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Calderihabitantales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Caldicellulosiruptorales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
Caldicoprobacterales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Carboxydocellales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Carboxydothermales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Christensenellales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
"Christensenellales" Parks et al. 2018	not validly published	synonym
Clostridiales Prévot 1953 (Approved Lists 1980)	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
[Clostridia, not assigned to order]	artificial parent node of taxa incertae sedis
"Candidatus Coralgsqaceae" Gong et al. 2023	inaccurate spelling	misspelling
"Candidatus Coralgsqales" corrig. Gong et al. 2023	not validly published	synonym
"Candidatus Darwinibacterales" corrig. Puchol-Royo et al. 2025	not validly published	preferred name
"Candidatus Darwinibacteriales" Puchol-Royo et al. 2025	inaccurate spelling	misspelling
Desulfitibacterales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
Desulfitisporales Sorokin and Merkel 2023	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Desulfitobacteriales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Desulfotomaculales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
"Desulfotomaculales" Watanabe et al. 2019	not validly published	synonym
Eubacteriales Buchanan 1917 (Approved Lists 1980)	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
Halanaerobiales corrig. Rainey and Zhilina 1995	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
Haloanaerobiales Rainey and Zhilina 1995	inaccurate spelling	misspelling
Halobacteroidales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
"Heliobacteriales" Cavalier-Smith 2006	not validly published	synonym
Koleobacterales Sakamoto et al. 2021	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
"Lachnospirales" Parks et al. 2018	not validly published	synonym
Lachnospirales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Lutisporales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Mahellales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Monoglobales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Moorellales Lv et al. 2020	validly published under the ICNP, illegitimate name	synonym
Natranaerobiales Mesbah et al. 2007	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
Neomoorellales Gtari and Ventura 2025	validly published under the ICNP, illegitimate name	synonym
"Oscillospirales" Glendinning et al. 2020	not validly published	synonym
Peptococcales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Peptostreptococcales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
"Saccharofermentanales" Parks et al. 2018	inaccurate spelling	misspelling
"Saccharofermentantales" corrig. Parks et al. 2018	not validly published	synonym
Sulfobacillales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Symbiobacteriales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Thermincolales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Thermoanaerobacterales Wiegel 2010	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
"Thermodesulfobiales" Cavalier-Smith and Chao 2020	not validly published	synonym
Thermodesulfobiales Frolov et al. 2023	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
Thermosediminibacterales Zhang et al. 2019	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
Tissierellales Alauzet et al. 2020	validly published under the ICNP	correct name

Parent taxon: Bacillota Gibbons and Murray 2021

Assigned by: Oren A, Garrity GM. Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71:5056. 🇮🇱

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Record number: 4793

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Class Clostridia