Name: Gammaproteobacteria Garrity et al. 2005

Category: Class

Proposed as: class. nov.

Etymology: Gr. neut. n. gamma, name of the third letter of Greek alphabet (indeclinable); Gr. masc. n. Prôteus, Greek god of the sea, capable of assuming many different shapes; N.L. neut. pl. n. bacteria, plural of bacterium; N.L. neut. pl. n. Gammaproteobacteria, a class of bacteria included in the phylum Proteobacteria and having 16S rRNA gene sequences related to those of the members of the order Pseudomonadales (not formed from a genus name)

Gender: neuter

Type genus: Pseudomonas Migula 1894 (Approved Lists 1980)

Effective publication: Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T. Class III. Gammaproteobacteria class. nov. In: Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part B (The Gammaproteobacteria), Springer, New York, 2005, p. 1.

IJSEM list: Euzeby JP. Validation list no. 106. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005; 55:2235-2238.

Nomenclatural status: validly published under the ICNP

Taxonomic status: correct name

• Synonyms:

  • Name	Kind
    "Chromatiia" Cavalier-Smith 2020	heterotypic synonym, not validly published

• Emendations:
  • Williams and Kelly 2013 Williams KP, Kelly DP. Proposal for a new class within the phylum Proteobacteria, Acidithiobacillia classis nov., with the type order Acidithiobacillales, and emended description of the class Gammaproteobacteria. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:2901-2906. Oren A, Garrity GM. Notification list. Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 63, part 8 of the IJSEM. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:3935-3936.
    Notes:
    • ⊕ Emendation accompanied by the inclusion of 1 order in the class.
    • ⊖ Emendation accompanied by the removal of 1 order from the class.

• Notes:
  • 🧕 Brenner et al. (2005) assigned this class to the phylum "Proteobacteria" Garrity et al. 2005. Publication: Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T. Class III. Gammaproteobacteria class. nov. In: Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part B (The Gammaproteobacteria), Springer, New York, 2005, p. 1.
  • 🧕 Cavalier-Smith (2006) assigned this class to the subphylum "Rhodobacteria" (Cavalier-Smith 1987) Cavalier-Smith 1998. Publication: Cavalier-Smith T. Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses. Biol Direct 2006; 1:19.
  • 🧕 Williams and Kelly (2013) assigned this class to the phylum "Proteobacteria" Garrity et al. 2005. Publication: Williams KP, Kelly DP. Proposal for a new class within the phylum Proteobacteria, Acidithiobacillia classis nov., with the type order Acidithiobacillales, and emended description of the class Gammaproteobacteria. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:2901-2906.
  • 🧒 Boden and Scott (2018) assigned the family Thiofilaceae Boden and Scott 2018 to this class. Publication: Boden R, Scott KM. Evaluation of the genus Thiothrix Winogradsky 1888 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Aruga et al. 2002: reclassification of Thiothrix disciformis to Thiolinea disciformis gen. nov., comb. nov., and of Thiothrix flexilis to Thiofilum flexile gen. nov., comb nov., with emended description of Thiothrix. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:2226-2239.
  • 🧒 Boden and Scott (2018) assigned the family Thiolineaceae Boden and Scott 2018 to this class. Publication: Boden R, Scott KM. Evaluation of the genus Thiothrix Winogradsky 1888 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Aruga et al. 2002: reclassification of Thiothrix disciformis to Thiolinea disciformis gen. nov., comb. nov., and of Thiothrix flexilis to Thiofilum flexile gen. nov., comb nov., with emended description of Thiothrix. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:2226-2239.
  • 🧒 Boden and Scott (2018) assigned the family Leucotrichaceae Buchanan 1957 (Approved Lists 1980) to this class. Publication: Boden R, Scott KM. Evaluation of the genus Thiothrix Winogradsky 1888 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Aruga et al. 2002: reclassification of Thiothrix disciformis to Thiolinea disciformis gen. nov., comb. nov., and of Thiothrix flexilis to Thiofilum flexile gen. nov., comb nov., with emended description of Thiothrix. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:2226-2239.
  • 🧒 Brenner et al. (2005) assigned the family Halothiobacillaceae Kelly and Wood 2005 to this class. Publication: Kelly DP, Wood AP. Family III. Halothiobacillaceae fam. nov. Kelly and Wood 2003. In: Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part B (The Gammaproteobacteria), Springer, New York, 2005, p. 58.
  • 🧒 Brenner et al. (2005) assigned the family Xanthomonadaceae Saddler and Bradbury 2005 to this class. Publication: Saddler GS, Bradbury JF. Family I. Xanthomonadaceae fam. nov. In: Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part B (The Gammaproteobacteria), Springer, New York, 2005, p. 63.
  • 🧒 Brenner et al. (2005) assigned the order Acidithiobacillales Garrity et al. 2005 to this class. Publication: Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T. Order II. Acidithiobacillales ord. nov. In: Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part B (The Gammaproteobacteria), Springer, New York, 2005, p. 60.
  • 🧒 Brenner et al. (2005) assigned the order Thiotrichales Garrity et al. 2005 to this class. Publication: Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T. Order V. Thiotrichales ord. nov. In: Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part B (The Gammaproteobacteria), Springer, New York, 2005, p. 131.
  • 🧒 Brenner et al. (2005) assigned the order Xanthomonadales Saddler and Bradbury 2005 to this class. Publication: Saddler GS, Bradbury JF. Order III. Xanthomonadales ord. nov. In: Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part B (The Gammaproteobacteria), Springer, New York, 2005, p. 63.
  • 🧒 Brenner et al. (2005) assigned the order "Enterobacteriales" Garrity and Holt 2001 to this class. Publication: Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T. Class III. Gammaproteobacteria class. nov. In: Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part B (The Gammaproteobacteria), Springer, New York, 2005, p. 1.
  • 🧒 Corbera-Rubio et al. (2024) assigned the order "Candidatus Siderophiliales" Corbera-Rubio et al. 2024 to this class. Publication: Corbera-Rubio F, Stouten GR, Bruins J, Dost SF, Merkel AY, Muller S, van Loosdrecht MCM, van Halem D, Laureni M. "Candidatus Siderophilus nitratireducens": a putative nap-dependent nitrate-reducing iron oxidizer within the new order Siderophiliales. ISME Commun 2024; 4:ycae008.
  • 🧒 Gutierrez et al. (2012) assigned the family Algiphilaceae Gutierrez et al. 2012 to this class. Publication: Gutierrez T, Green DH, Whitman WB, Nichols PD, Semple KT, Aitken MD. Algiphilus aromaticivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., an aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium isolated from a culture of the marine dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum, and proposal of Algiphilaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 62:2743-2749.
  • 🧒 Hirayama et al. (2014) assigned the family "Methylothermaceae" Hirayama et al. 2014 to this class. Publication: Hirayama H, Abe M, Miyazaki M, Nunoura T, Furushima Y, Yamamoto H, Takai K. Methylomarinovum caldicuralii gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic methanotroph isolated from a shallow submarine hydrothermal system, and proposal of the family Methylothermaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:989-999.
  • 🧒 Ho et al. (2025) assigned the family "Umboniibacteraceae" Ho et al. 2025 to this class. Publication: Ho JY, Koh XQ, Kang DY, Low A, Hu D, Haryono MAS, Williams RBH, Case RJ, Boucher YF. Discovery of a phylogenetically novel tropical marine Gammaproteobacteria elucidated from assembled genomes and the proposed transfer of the genus Umboniibacter from the family Cellvibrionaceae to Umboniibacteraceae fam. nov. Front Microbiol 2025; 16:1437936.
  • 🧒 Imhoff et al. (2022) assigned the family Ectothiorhodospiraceae Imhoff 1984 to this class. Publication: Imhoff JF, Kyndt JA, Meyer TE. Genomic Comparison, Phylogeny and Taxonomic Reevaluation of the Ectothiorhodospiraceae and Description of Halorhodospiraceae fam. nov. and Halochlorospira gen. nov. Microorganisms 2022; 10:0.
  • 🧒 Imhoff et al. (2022) assigned the family Halorhodospiraceae Imhoff et al. 2023 to this class. Publication: Imhoff JF, Kyndt JA, Meyer TE. Genomic Comparison, Phylogeny and Taxonomic Reevaluation of the Ectothiorhodospiraceae and Description of Halorhodospiraceae fam. nov. and Halochlorospira gen. nov. Microorganisms 2022; 10:0.
  • 🧒 Jean et al. (2006) assigned the family Idiomarinaceae Ivanova et al. 2004 to this class. Publication: Jean WD, Shieh WY, Chiu HH. Pseudidiomarina taiwanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from shallow coastal water of An-Ping Harbour, Taiwan, and emended description of the family Idiomarinaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2006; 56:899-905.
  • 🧒 Jiang et al. (2011) assigned the genus Plasticicumulans Jiang et al. 2011 to this class. Publication: Jiang Y, Sorokin DY, Kleerebezem R, Muyzer G, van Loosdrecht M. Plasticicumulans acidivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a polyhydroxyalkanoate-accumulating gammaproteobacterium from a sequencing-batch bioreactor. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2011; 61:2314-2319.
  • 🧒 Kevbrin et al. (2020) assigned the family Gynuellaceae Kevbrin et al. 2020 to this class. Publication: Kevbrin V, Boltyanskaya Y, Grouzdev D, Koziaeva V, Park M, Cho JC. Natronospirillum operosum gen. nov., sp. nov., a haloalkaliphilic satellite isolated from decaying biomass of a laboratory culture of cyanobacterium Geitlerinema sp. and proposal of Natronospirillaceae fam. nov., Saccharospirillaceae fam. nov. and Gynuellaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:511-521.
  • 🧒 Kevbrin et al. (2020) assigned the family Natronospirillaceae Kevbrin et al. 2020 to this class. Publication: Kevbrin V, Boltyanskaya Y, Grouzdev D, Koziaeva V, Park M, Cho JC. Natronospirillum operosum gen. nov., sp. nov., a haloalkaliphilic satellite isolated from decaying biomass of a laboratory culture of cyanobacterium Geitlerinema sp. and proposal of Natronospirillaceae fam. nov., Saccharospirillaceae fam. nov. and Gynuellaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:511-521.
  • 🧒 Kevbrin et al. (2020) assigned the family Saccharospirillaceae Kevbrin et al. 2020 to this class. Publication: Kevbrin V, Boltyanskaya Y, Grouzdev D, Koziaeva V, Park M, Cho JC. Natronospirillum operosum gen. nov., sp. nov., a haloalkaliphilic satellite isolated from decaying biomass of a laboratory culture of cyanobacterium Geitlerinema sp. and proposal of Natronospirillaceae fam. nov., Saccharospirillaceae fam. nov. and Gynuellaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:511-521.
  • 🧒 Khan et al. (2020) assigned the family Aestuariirhabdaceae Khan et al. 2020 to this class. Publication: Khan SA, Jung HS, Kim HM, Oh J, Lee SS, Jeon CO. Aestuariirhabdus litorea gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a sea tidal flat and proposal of Aestuariirhabdaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:2239-2246.
  • 🧒 König et al. (2016) assigned the genus "Candidatus Thiodiazotropha" König et al. 2016 to this class. Publication: Konig S, Gros O, Heiden SE, Hinzke T, Thurmer A, Poehlein A, Meyer S, Vatin M, Mbeguie-A-Mbeguie D, Tocny J, et al. Nitrogen fixation in a chemoautotrophic lucinid symbiosis. Nat Microbiol 2016; 2:16193.
  • 🧒 Küchler et al. (2011) assigned the genus "Candidatus Rohrkolberia" Kuechler et al. 2011 to this class. Publication: Kuechler SM, Dettner K, Kehl S. Characterization of an obligate intracellular bacterium in the midgut epithelium of the bulrush bug Chilacis typhae (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae, Artheneinae). Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:2869-2876.
  • 🧒 Kuwahara et al. (2007) assigned the genus "Candidatus Vesicomyidisocius" corrig. Kuwahara et al. 2007 to this class. Publication: Kuwahara H, Yoshida T, Takaki Y, Shimamura S, Nishi S, Harada M, Matsuyama K, Takishita K, Kawato M, Uematsu K, et al. Reduced genome of the thioautotrophic intracellular symbiont in a deep-sea clam, Calyptogena okutanii. Curr Biol 2007; 17:881-886.
  • 🧒 Kuwahara et al. (2007) assigned the genus "Candidatus Vesicomyosocius" Kuwahara et al. 2007 to this class. Publication: Kuwahara H, Yoshida T, Takaki Y, Shimamura S, Nishi S, Harada M, Matsuyama K, Takishita K, Kawato M, Uematsu K, et al. Reduced genome of the thioautotrophic intracellular symbiont in a deep-sea clam, Calyptogena okutanii. Curr Biol 2007; 17:881-886.
  • 🧒 Lagkouvardos et al. (2016) assigned the genus Flintibacter Lagkouvardos et al. 2016 to this class. Publication: Lagkouvardos I, Pukall R, Abt B, Foesel BU, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Kumar N, Bresciani A, Martinez I, Just S, Ziegler C, et al. The Mouse Intestinal Bacterial Collection (miBC) provides host-specific insight into cultured diversity and functional potential of the gut microbiota. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16131.
  • 🧒 Lee et al. (2007) assigned the family Granulosicoccaceae Lee et al. 2008 to this class. Publication: Lee K, Lee HK, Choi TH, Kim KM, Cho JC. Granulosicoccaceae fam. nov., to include Granulosicoccus antarcticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a non-phototrophic, obligately aerobic chemoheterotroph in the order Chromatiales, isolated from Antarctic seawater. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 17:1483-1490.
  • 🧒 Lian et al. (2025) assigned the order Woeseiales Chuvochina et al. 2024 to this class. Publication: Lian FB, Zhou BJ, Zhou ZY, Rooney AP, Xu ZX, Du ZJ. Describing five new strains in the family Woeseiaceae and emended description of the order Woeseiales with genomic features related to environmental adaptation. Syst Appl Microbiol 2024; 48:126563.
  • 🧒 Liao et al. (2020) assigned the order Kangiellales Liao et al. 2021 to this class. Publication: Liao H, Lin X, Li Y, Qu M, Tian Y. Reclassification of the Taxonomic Framework of Orders Cellvibrionales, Oceanospirillales, Pseudomonadales, and Alteromonadales in Class Gammaproteobacteria through Phylogenomic Tree Analysis. mSystems 2020; 5:e00543-20.
  • 🧒 Liao et al. (2020) assigned the order Moraxellales Liao et al. 2021 to this class. Publication: Liao H, Lin X, Li Y, Qu M, Tian Y. Reclassification of the Taxonomic Framework of Orders Cellvibrionales, Oceanospirillales, Pseudomonadales, and Alteromonadales in Class Gammaproteobacteria through Phylogenomic Tree Analysis. mSystems 2020; 5:e00543-20.
  • 🧒 Li et al. (2021) assigned the family "Bruguierivoracaceae" Li et al. 2021 to this class. Publication: Li M, Liu K, Liu Y, Gao C, Yi X. Bruguierivorax albus gen. nov. sp. nov. Isolated from Mangrove Sediment and Proposal of Bruguierivoracaceae fam. nov. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:856-866.
  • 🧒 Liu et al. (2019) assigned the family Steroidobacteraceae Liu et al. 2019 to this class. Publication: Liu Q, Liu HC, Zhou YG, Xin YH. Stenotrophobium rhamnosiphilum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a glacier, proposal of Steroidobacteraceae fam. nov. in Nevskiales and emended description of the family Nevskiaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:1404-1410.
  • 🧒 Losey et al. (2013) assigned the family Solimonadaceae Losey et al. 2013 to this class. Publication: Losey NA, Stevenson BS, Verbarg S, Rudd S, Moore ER, Lawson PA. Fontimonas thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a freshwater hot spring, and proposal of Solimonadaceae fam. nov. to replace Sinobacteraceae Zhou et al. 2008. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:254-259.
  • 🧒 Marshall and Morris (2013) assigned the genus "Candidatus Thioglobus" Marshall and Morris 2013 to this class. Publication: Marshall KT, Morris RM. Isolation of an aerobic sulfur oxidizer from the SUP05/Arctic96BD-19 clade. ISME J 2013; 7:452-455.
  • 🧒 Maturrano et al. (2006) assigned the genus Salicola Maturrano et al. 2006 to this class. Publication: Maturrano L, Valens-Vadell M, Rossello-Mora R, Anton J. Salicola marasensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely halophilic bacterium isolated from the Maras solar salterns in Peru. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2006; 56:1685-1691.
  • 🧒 McIlroy et al. (2014) assigned the family "Candidatus Competibacteraceae" McIlroy et al. 2014 to this class. Publication: McIlroy SJ, Albertsen M, Andresen EK, Saunders AM, Kristiansen R, Stokholm-Bjerregaard M, Nielsen KL, Nielsen PH. 'Candidatus Competibacter'-lineage genomes retrieved from metagenomes reveal functional metabolic diversity. ISME J 2014; 8:613-624.
  • 🧒 Montecillo (2023) assigned the order Steroidobacterales Montecillo 2023 to this class. Publication: Montecillo JAV. Phylogenomics and molecular marker-based analyses of the order Nevskiales: proposal for the creation of Steroidobacterales ord. nov. and Peristeroidobacter gen. nov. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104057.
  • 🧒 Narasingarao and Häggblom (2006) assigned the genus Sedimenticola Narasingarao and Häggblom 2006 to this class. Publication: Narasingarao P, Haggblom MM. Sedimenticola selenatireducens, gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic selenate-respiring bacterium isolated from estuarine sediment. Syst Appl Microbiol 2006; 29:382-388.
  • 🧒 Newton et al. (2007) assigned the genus "Candidatus Ruthturnera" corrig. Newton et al. 2007 to this class. Publication: Newton IL, Woyke T, Auchtung TA, Dilly GF, Dutton RJ, Fisher MC, Fontanez KM, Lau E, Stewart FJ, Richardson PM, et al. The Calyptogena magnifica chemoautotrophic symbiont genome. Science 2007; 315:998-1000.
  • 🧒 Nunoura et al. (2014) assigned the genus Thiolapillus Nunoura et al. 2015 to this class. Publication: Nunoura T, Takaki Y, Kazama H, Kakuta J, Shimamura S, Makita H, Hirai M, Miyazaki M, Takai K. Physiological and genomic features of a novel sulfur-oxidizing gammaproteobacterium belonging to a previously uncultivated symbiotic lineage isolated from a hydrothermal vent. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104959.
  • 🧒 Picone et al. (2021) assigned the genus "Candidatus Nitrosacidicoccus" corrig. Picone et al. 2021 to this class. Publication: Picone N, Pol A, Mesman R, van Kessel MAHJ, Cremers G, van Gelder AH, van Alen TA, Jetten MSM, Lucker S, Op den Camp HJM. Ammonia oxidation at pH 2.5 by a new gammaproteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacterium. ISME J 2021; 15:1150-1164.
  • 🧒 Robidart et al. (2008) assigned the genus "Candidatus Endoriftia" Robidart et al. 2008 to this class. Publication: Robidart JC, Bench SR, Feldman RA, Novoradovsky A, Podell SB, Gaasterland T, Allen EE, Felbeck H. Metabolic versatility of the Riftia pachyptila endosymbiont revealed through metagenomics. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:727-737.
  • 🧒 Rodriguez-Blanco et al. (2010) assigned the genus Gallaecimonas Rodríguez-Blanco et al. 2010 to this class. Publication: Rodriguez-Blanco A, Vetion G, Escande ML, Delille D, Ghiglione JF. Gallaecimonas pentaromativorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium carrying 16S rRNA gene heterogeneity and able to degrade high-molecular-mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 60:504-509.
  • 🧒 Romanenko et al. (2010) assigned the genus Marinicella Romanenko et al. 2010 to this class. Publication: Romanenko LA, Tanaka N, Frolova GM, Mikhailov VV. Marinicella litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterium isolated from coastal seawater. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 60:1613-1619.
  • 🧒 Russell et al. (2020) assigned the genus "Candidatus Methanofishera" Russell et al. 2020 to this class. Publication: Russell SL, Pepper-Tunick E, Svedberg J, Byrne A, Ruelas Castillo J, Vollmers C, Beinart RA, Corbett-Detig R. Horizontal transmission and recombination maintain forever young bacterial symbiont genomes. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008935.
  • 🧒 Russell et al. (2020) assigned the genus "Candidatus Thiodubilierella" corrig. Russell et al. 2020 to this class. Publication: Russell SL, Pepper-Tunick E, Svedberg J, Byrne A, Ruelas Castillo J, Vollmers C, Beinart RA, Corbett-Detig R. Horizontal transmission and recombination maintain forever young bacterial symbiont genomes. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008935.
  • 🧒 Sorokin and Merkel (2023) assigned the family Methylohalomonadaceae Sorokin and Merkel 2023 to this class. Publication: Sorokin DY, Merkel AY. Methylohalomonadaceae fam. nov. In: Anonymous NN (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2023, p. 1.
  • 🧒 Sorokin and Merkel (2023) assigned the family Thiohalobacteraceae Sorokin and Merkel 2023 to this class. Publication: Sorokin DY, Merkel AY. Thiohalobacteraceae fam. nov. In: Anonymous NN (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2023, p. 1-2.
  • 🧒 Sorokin and Merkel (2023) assigned the family Thiohalomonadaceae Sorokin and Merkel 2023 to this class. Publication: Sorokin DY, Merkel AY. Thiohalomonadaceae fam. nov. In: Anonymous NN (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2023, p. 1-2.
  • 🧒 Sorokin and Merkel (2023) assigned the family Thiohalophilaceae Sorokin and Merkel 2023 to this class. Publication: Sorokin DY, Merkel AY. Thiohalophilaceae fam. nov. In: Anonymous NN (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2023, p. 1-2.
  • 🧒 Sorokin and Merkel (2023) assigned the family Thiohalorhabdaceae Sorokin and Merkel 2023 to this class. Publication: Sorokin DY, Merkel AY. Thiohalorhabdales ord. nov. In: Anonymous NN (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2023, p. 1-2.
  • 🧒 Sorokin and Merkel (2023) assigned the family Thiohalospiraceae Sorokin and Merkel 2023 to this class. Publication: Sorokin DY, Merkel AY. Thiohalospiraceae fam. nov. In: Anonymous NN (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2023, p. 1-2.
  • 🧒 Sorokin and Merkel (2023) assigned the order Methylohalomonadales Sorokin and Merkel 2023 to this class. Publication: Sorokin DY, Merkel AY. Methylohalomonadales ord. nov. In: Anonymous NN (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2023, p. 1-2.
  • 🧒 Sorokin and Merkel (2023) assigned the order Thiohalomonadales Sorokin and Merkel 2023 to this class. Publication: Sorokin DY, Merkel AY. Thiohalomonadales ord. nov. In: Anonymous NN (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2023, p. 1-4.
  • 🧒 Sorokin and Merkel (2023) assigned the order Thiohalospirales Sorokin and Merkel 2023 to this class. Publication: Sorokin DY, Merkel AY. Thiohalospirales ord. nov. In: Anonymous NN (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2023, p. 1-3.
  • 🧒 Sorokin et al. (2008) assigned the genus Thiohalorhabdus Sorokin et al. 2008 to this class. Publication: Sorokin DY, Tourova TP, Galinski EA, Muyzer G, Kuenen JG. Thiohalorhabdus denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely halophilic, sulfur-oxidizing, deep-lineage gammaproteobacterium from hypersaline habitats. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2008; 58:2890-2897.
  • 🧒 Sorokin et al. (2010) assigned the genus Thiohalobacter Sorokin et al. 2010 to this class. Publication: Sorokin DY, Kovaleva OL, Tourova TP, Muyzer G. Thiohalobacter thiocyanaticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic, sulfur-oxidizing gammaproteobacterium from hypersaline lakes, that utilizes thiocyanate. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 60:444-450.
  • 🧒 Sorokin et al. (2024) assigned the order Natronospirales Sorokin et al. 2025 to this class. Publication: Sorokin DY, Merkel AY, Kolganova TV, Bale NJ, Sinninghe Damste JS. Corrigendum to "Natronospira bacteriovora sp. nov., and Natronospira elongata sp. nov., extremely salt-tolerant predatory proteolytic bacteria from soda lakes and proposal to classify the genus Natronospira into Natronospiraceae fam. nov., and Natronospirales ord. nov., within the class Gammaproteobacteria" [Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 47 (2024) 126519]. Syst Appl Microbiol 2024; 47:126526.
  • 🧒 Spring et al. (2015) assigned the family Cellvibrionaceae Spring et al. 2015 to this class. Publication: Spring S, Scheuner C, Goker M, Klenk HP. A taxonomic framework for emerging groups of ecologically important marine gammaproteobacteria based on the reconstruction of evolutionary relationships using genome-scale data. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:281.
  • 🧒 Sun et al. (2023) assigned the family "Echinimonadaceae" Sun et al. 2023 to this class. Publication: Sun JR, Mo KL, Li X, Hu YH, Liu ZY, Huang HQ. Neiella litorisoli sp. nov., an alginate lyase: producing bacterium from South China Sea, and proposal of Echinimonadaceae fam. nov. in the order Alteromonadales. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:227.
  • 🧒 Toth et al. (2007) assigned the genus Ignatzschineria Tóth et al. 2007 to this class. Publication: Toth EM, Borsodi AK, Euzeby JP, Tindall BJ, Marialigeti K. Proposal to replace the illegitimate genus name Schineria Toth et al. 2001 with the genus name Ignatzschineria gen. nov. and to replace the illegitimate combination Schineria larvae Toth et al. 2001 with Ignatzschineria larvae comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007; 57:179-180.
  • 🧒 Toth et al. (2008) assigned the genus Wohlfahrtiimonas Tóth et al. 2008 to this class. Publication: Toth EM, Schumann P, Borsodi AK, Keki Z, Kovacs AL, Marialigeti K. Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new gammaproteobacterium isolated from Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2008; 58:976-981.
  • 🧒 Van Vliet et al. (2021) assigned the genus "Candidatus Pseudothioglobus" Van Vliet et al. 2021 to this class. Publication: van Vliet DM, von Meijenfeldt FAB, Dutilh BE, Villanueva L, Sinninghe Damste JS, Stams AJM, Sanchez-Andrea I. The bacterial sulfur cycle in expanding dysoxic and euxinic marine waters. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2834-2857.
  • 🧒 Vigliotta et al. (2007) assigned the genus "Clonothrix" Roze 1896 to this class. Publication: Vigliotta G, Nutricati E, Carata E, Tredici SM, De Stefano M, Pontieri P, Massardo DR, Prati MV, De Bellis L, Alifano P. Clonothrix fusca Roze 1896, a filamentous, sheathed, methanotrophic gamma-proteobacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:3556-3565.
  • 🧒 Wang et al. (2014) assigned the genus "Nonhongiella" Wang et al. 2013 to this class. Publication: Wang G, Fan J, Wu H, Zhang X, Li G, Zhang H, Yang X, Ye F, Xiang W, Li X. Nonhongiella spirulinensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from a cultivation pond of Spirulina platensis in Sanya, China. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 104, 933–939 [erratum.]. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2014; 106:591-592.
  • 🧒 Wang et al. (2014) assigned the genus Pseudohongiella Wang et al. 2015 to this class. Publication: Wang G, Fan J, Wu H, Zhang X, Li G, Zhang H, Yang X, Ye F, Xiang W, Li X. Nonhongiella spirulinensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from a cultivation pond of Spirulina platensis in Sanya, China. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 104, 933–939 [erratum.]. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2014; 106:591-592.
  • 🧒 Xin et al. (2019) assigned the family Psittacicellaceae Xin et al. 2019 to this class. Publication: Xin D, Bisgaard M, Busse HJ, Olsen RH, Hess C, Aalbaek B, Olsen JE, Christensen H. Reclassification of Bisgaard taxon 37 and taxon 44 as Psittacicella melopsittaci gen. nov., sp. nov., Psittacicella hinzii sp. nov. and Psittacicella gerlachiana sp. nov. within Psittacicellaceae fam. nov. of the order Pasteurellales. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:350-355.
  • 🧒 Yilmaz et al. (2014) assigned the genus Arenicella Romanenko et al. 2010 to this class. Publication: Yilmaz P, Parfrey LW, Yarza P, Gerken J, Pruesse E, Quast C, Schweer T, Peplies J, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO. The SILVA and “all-species living tree project (LTP)” taxonomic frameworks. Nucleic Acids Research 2014; 42(D1):D643-D648.
  • 🧒 Yilmaz et al. (2014) assigned the genus Congregibacter Spring et al. 2009 to this class. Publication: Yilmaz P, Parfrey LW, Yarza P, Gerken J, Pruesse E, Quast C, Schweer T, Peplies J, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO. The SILVA and “all-species living tree project (LTP)” taxonomic frameworks. Nucleic Acids Research 2014; 42(D1):D643-D648.
  • 🧒 Yilmaz et al. (2014) assigned the genus Methylohalomonas Sorokin et al. 2007 to this class. Publication: Yilmaz P, Parfrey LW, Yarza P, Gerken J, Pruesse E, Quast C, Schweer T, Peplies J, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO. The SILVA and “all-species living tree project (LTP)” taxonomic frameworks. Nucleic Acids Research 2014; 42(D1):D643-D648.
  • 🧒 Yilmaz et al. (2014) assigned the genus Methylonatrum Sorokin et al. 2007 to this class. Publication: Yilmaz P, Parfrey LW, Yarza P, Gerken J, Pruesse E, Quast C, Schweer T, Peplies J, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO. The SILVA and “all-species living tree project (LTP)” taxonomic frameworks. Nucleic Acids Research 2014; 42(D1):D643-D648.
  • 🧒 Yilmaz et al. (2014) assigned the genus Porticoccus Oh et al. 2010 to this class. Publication: Yilmaz P, Parfrey LW, Yarza P, Gerken J, Pruesse E, Quast C, Schweer T, Peplies J, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO. The SILVA and “all-species living tree project (LTP)” taxonomic frameworks. Nucleic Acids Research 2014; 42(D1):D643-D648.
  • 🧒 Yilmaz et al. (2014) assigned the genus Simiduia Shieh et al. 2008 to this class. Publication: Yilmaz P, Parfrey LW, Yarza P, Gerken J, Pruesse E, Quast C, Schweer T, Peplies J, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO. The SILVA and “all-species living tree project (LTP)” taxonomic frameworks. Nucleic Acids Research 2014; 42(D1):D643-D648.
  • 🧒 Yilmaz et al. (2014) assigned the genus Spongiibacter Graeber et al. 2008 to this class. Publication: Yilmaz P, Parfrey LW, Yarza P, Gerken J, Pruesse E, Quast C, Schweer T, Peplies J, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO. The SILVA and “all-species living tree project (LTP)” taxonomic frameworks. Nucleic Acids Research 2014; 42(D1):D643-D648.
  • 🧒 Yilmaz et al. (2014) assigned the genus Thiohalomonas Sorokin et al. 2007 to this class. Publication: Yilmaz P, Parfrey LW, Yarza P, Gerken J, Pruesse E, Quast C, Schweer T, Peplies J, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO. The SILVA and “all-species living tree project (LTP)” taxonomic frameworks. Nucleic Acids Research 2014; 42(D1):D643-D648.
  • 🧒 Yilmaz et al. (2014) assigned the genus Umboniibacter Romanenko et al. 2010 to this class. Publication: Yilmaz P, Parfrey LW, Yarza P, Gerken J, Pruesse E, Quast C, Schweer T, Peplies J, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO. The SILVA and “all-species living tree project (LTP)” taxonomic frameworks. Nucleic Acids Research 2014; 42(D1):D643-D648.
  • 🧒 Yilmaz et al. (2014) assigned the genus Zhongshania Li et al. 2011 to this class. Publication: Yilmaz P, Parfrey LW, Yarza P, Gerken J, Pruesse E, Quast C, Schweer T, Peplies J, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO. The SILVA and “all-species living tree project (LTP)” taxonomic frameworks. Nucleic Acids Research 2014; 42(D1):D643-D648.
  • 🧒 Yilmaz et al. (2014) assigned the genus Chromatocurvus corrig. Csotonyi et al. 2012 to this class. Publication: Yilmaz P, Parfrey LW, Yarza P, Gerken J, Pruesse E, Quast C, Schweer T, Peplies J, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO. The SILVA and “all-species living tree project (LTP)” taxonomic frameworks. Nucleic Acids Research 2014; 42(D1):D643-D648.
  • 🧒 Yilmaz et al. (2014) assigned the genus Halioglobus Park et al. 2012 to this class. Publication: Yilmaz P, Parfrey LW, Yarza P, Gerken J, Pruesse E, Quast C, Schweer T, Peplies J, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO. The SILVA and “all-species living tree project (LTP)” taxonomic frameworks. Nucleic Acids Research 2014; 42(D1):D643-D648.
  • 🧒 Zhou et al. (2008) assigned the family Sinobacteraceae Zhou et al. 2008 to this class. Publication: Zhou Y, Zhang YQ, Zhi XY, Wang X, Dong J, Chen Y, Lai R, Li WJ. Description of Sinobacter flavus gen. nov., sp. nov., and proposal of Sinobacteraceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2008; 58:184-189.
  • 🙄 This taxon name is occasionally misprinted (or affected by an OCR error) in some sources as: "Carmnaproteobacteria"; "Gamaproteobacteria"; "Gamaprotobacteria"; "Gammafrroteobacteria"; "Gammaproeteobacteria"; "Gammaproetobacterium"; "Gammaprotebacteria"; "Gammaproteobacte"; "Gammaproteobacteriacea"; "Gammaproteobateria"; "Gammaprotobacteria"; "Gammaprotoebacteria"; "Gammaprouobacteria"; "Gammaptroteobacteria"; "Gammaroteobacteria"; "Gammproteobacteria"; "Garmnaproteobacteria"; "Gemaproteobacteria"; "Gramaproteobacteria"; "Grammaproteobacteria". — 🤨 This taxon name is occasionally used in singular form as: "Gammaproteobacterium".
  • 💁 Taxonomists who have recently focused on this group are the corresponding authors of Sorokin and Merkel (2023). Editors in search of reviewers are advised to consider additional criteria such as whether a taxon is covered by one of the ICSP subcommittees.
  • 🎰 The BRCs most frequently used for deposits in this group are: DSM: 2525; LMG: 1460; ATCC: 1227; JCM: 1207; CIP: 1032; KCTC: 1022; CCUG: 978; NBRC: 540; CECT: 405; NCTC: 399.
  • 🧍 Irregularly formed name (not formed from the stem of the name of the nomenclatural type). Publication: Oren A, Arahal DR, Goker M, Moore ERB, Rossello-Mora R, Sutcliffe IC. International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Prokaryotic Code (2022 Revision). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5585.
  • 🧍 Nomenclatural type changed from Pseudomonadales Orla-Jensen 1921 (Approved Lists 1980) based on new Rule 22. Publication: Oren A. Emendation of Rules 8, 15, 22, 25a, 30(3)(b), 30(4), 34a, and Appendix 7 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:6070.
  • 🧍 This name was mentioned in a Request for an Opinion. Publication: Oren A, Parte A, Garrity GM. Implementation of Rule 8 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes for the renaming of classes. Request for an Opinion. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:4296-4298.
  • 🧍 This name was mentioned in a Request for an Opinion. Rule 8 of the 2022 revision of the ICNP does not require that the name of a class validly published before 1 January 2012 be formed from the stem of the name of the type genus of the type order of the class plus the ending ia. This class name is orthographically correct (nominative plural noun, not formed from the name of the nomenclatural type). Publication: Goker M. Solving the remaining problems with names of classes. Request for an Opinion. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72:5605.

Subdivision:

Number of child taxa with a validly published and correct name: 20
Number of child taxa with a validly published name, including synonyms: 41
Total number of child taxa: 59

• Child taxa:

  • Name	Nomenclatural status	Taxonomic status
    Acidiferrobacterales Kojima et al. 2015	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Aeromonadales Martin-Carnahan and Joseph 2005	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Alteromonadales Bowman and McMeekin 2005	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Arenicellales Teramoto et al. 2015	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Beggiatoales Buchanan 1957 (Approved Lists 1980)	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    "Candidatus Berkiellales" Chuvochina et al. 2023	not validly published	synonym
    Cardiobacteriales Garrity et al. 2005	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Cellvibrionales Spring et al. 2015	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Chromatiales Imhoff 2005	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    "Candidatus Comchoanobacterales" Needham et al. 2022	not validly published	preferred name
    "Candidatus Competibacterales" Chuvochina et al. 2023	not validly published	preferred name
    Coxiellales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    Diplorickettsiales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    Ectothiorhodospirales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    Enterobacterales Adeolu et al. 2016	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    "Enterobacteriales" Garrity and Holt 2001	not validly published	synonym
    "Candidatus Foliamicales" Nguyen et al. 2023	not validly published	preferred name
    Francisellales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    [Gammaproteobacteria, not assigned to order]	artificial parent node of taxa incertae sedis
    Granulosicoccales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    Halothiobacillales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    Immundisolibacterales Corteselli et al. 2017	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    "Candidatus Johnevansiales" Chuvochina et al. 2023	not validly published	preferred name
    Kangiellales Liao et al. 2021	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    Legionellales Garrity et al. 2005	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Lysobacterales Christensen and Cook 1978 (Approved Lists 1980)	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    "Magnimaribacterales" Ramfelt et al. 2024	not validly published	preferred name
    Methylococcales Bowman 2005	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Methylohalomonadales Sorokin and Merkel 2023	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    Moraxellales Liao et al. 2021	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    Natronospirales Sorokin et al. 2025	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    Nevskiales Naushad et al. 2015	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Nitrococcales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    Nitrosococcales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    Oceanospirillales Garrity et al. 2005	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Orbales Kwong and Moran 2013	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Pasteurellales Garrity et al. 2005	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Piscirickettsiales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    "Candidatus Porifericomitales" Nguyen et al. 2023	not validly published	preferred name
    "Candidatus Poriferisulfidales" Chuvochina et al. 2023	not validly published	synonym
    "Candidatus Porisulfidales" Nguyen et al. 2023	not validly published	preferred name
    Pseudomonadales Orla-Jensen 1921 (Approved Lists 1980)	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    "Candidatus Rariloculales" Nguyen et al. 2023	not validly published	preferred name
    "Candidatus Siderophilales" corrig. Corbera-Rubio et al. 2024	not validly published	preferred name
    "Candidatus Siderophiliales" Corbera-Rubio et al. 2024	inaccurate spelling	misspelling
    "Candidatus Spongiifermentales" Nguyen et al. 2023	not validly published	preferred name
    Steroidobacterales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP, illegitimate name	synonym
    Steroidobacterales Montecillo 2023	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    "Candidatus Tenderiales" Chuvochina et al. 2023	not validly published	synonym
    "Candidatus Tethybacterales" Taylor et al. 2021	not validly published	preferred name
    Thiohalobacterales Sorokin and Merkel 2023	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Thiohalomonadales Sorokin and Merkel 2023	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    Thiohalorhabdales Sorokin and Merkel 2023	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Thiohalospirales Sorokin and Merkel 2023	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    Thiomicrospirales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    Thiotrichales Garrity et al. 2005	validly published under the ICNP, illegitimate name	synonym
    "Vibrionales" Garrity and Holt 2001	not validly published	preferred name
    Woeseiales Chuvochina et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	synonym
    Xanthomonadales Saddler and Bradbury 2005	validly published under the ICNP, illegitimate name	synonym

Parent taxon: Pseudomonadota Garrity et al. 2021

Assigned by: Oren A, Garrity GM. Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71:5056.

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Record number: 40