Name: "Archaea" Woese et al. 1990

Category: Domain

Proposed as: dom. nov.

Etymology: Ar.chae’a. Gr. masc. adj. archaîos, ancient, primitive; N.L. neut. pl. n. Archaea, a domain of prokaryotes

Original publication: Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:4576-4579.

Nomenclatural status: not validly published

Taxonomic status: synonym (and no standing)

Correct name: Archaea Woese et al. 2024

• Synonyms:

  • Name	Kind
    "Archaebiota" Luketa 2012	heterotypic synonym, not validly published
    Archaea Woese et al. 2024	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP

• Notes:
  • 🧒 Adam et al. (2017) assigned the superclass "Methanotecta" Adam et al. 2017 to this domain. Publication: Adam PS, Borrel G, Brochier-Armanet C, Gribaldo S. The growing tree of Archaea: new perspectives on their diversity, evolution and ecology. ISME J 2017; 11:2407-2425.
  • 🧒 Baker and Dick (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Micrarchaeota" Baker and Dick 2013 to this domain. Publication: Baker BJ, Dick GJ. Omic approaches in microbial ecology: charting the unknown. Microbe Magazine 2013; 8:353-360.
  • 🧒 Beam et al. (2016) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Aigarchaeota" Nunoura et al. 2011 to this domain. Publication: Beam JP, Jay ZJ, Schmid MC, Rusch DB, Romine MF, Jennings Rde M, Kozubal MA, Tringe SG, Wagner M, Inskeep WP. Ecophysiology of an uncultivated lineage of Aigarchaeota from an oxic, hot spring filamentous 'streamer' community. ISME J 2016; 10:210-224.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Euryarchaeota" Garrity and Holt 2001 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. Phylum AII. Euryarchaeota phy. nov. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 211-355.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Korarchaeota" Ludwig and Klenk 2001 to this domain. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • 🧒 Brochier-Armanet et al. (2008) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Thaumarchaeota" Brochier-Armanet et al. 2008 to this domain. Publication: Brochier-Armanet C, Boussau B, Gribaldo S, Forterre P. Mesophilic Crenarchaeota: proposal for a third archaeal phylum, the Thaumarchaeota. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008; 6:245-252.
  • 🧒 Bulzu et al. (2019) assigned the superphylum "Asgardaeota" to this domain. Publication: Bulzu PA, Andrei AS, Salcher MM, Mehrshad M, Inoue K, Kandori H, Beja O, Ghai R, Banciu HL. Casting light on Asgardarchaeota metabolism in a sunlit microoxic niche. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1129-1137.
  • 🧒 Chuvochina et al. (2019) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Hadarchaeota" Chuvochina et al. 2019 to this domain. Publication: Chuvochina M, Rinke C, Parks DH, Rappe MS, Tyson GW, Yilmaz P, Whitman WB, Hugenholtz P. The importance of designating type material for uncultured taxa. Syst Appl Microbiol 2019; 42:15-21.
  • 🧒 Dombrowski et al. (2020) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Undinarchaeota" Dombrowski et al. 2020 to this domain. Publication: Dombrowski N, Williams TA, Sun J, Woodcroft BJ, Lee JH, Minh BQ, Rinke C, Spang A. Undinarchaeota illuminate DPANN phylogeny and the impact of gene transfer on archaeal evolution. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3939.
  • 🧒 Göker and Oren (2023) assigned the phylum Nanobdellota Huber et al. 2023 to this domain. Publication: Goker M, Oren A. Valid publication of four additional phylum names. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:6024.
  • 🧒 Göker and Oren (2023) assigned the phylum Methanobacteriota Garrity and Holt 2023 to this domain. Publication: Goker M, Oren A. Valid publication of four additional phylum names. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:6024.
  • 🧒 Guy and Ettema (2011) assigned the superphylum "TACK" Guy and Ettema 2011 to this domain. Publication: Guy L, Ettema TJ. The archaeal 'TACK' superphylum and the origin of eukaryotes. Trends Microbiol 2011; 19:580-587.
  • 🧒 Hua et al. (2019) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Hadesarchaeota" Da Cunha et al. 2017 to this domain. Publication: Hua ZS, Wang YL, Evans PN, Qu YN, Goh KM, Rao YZ, Qi YL, Li YX, Huang MJ, Jiao JY, et al. Insights into the ecological roles and evolution of methyl-coenzyme M reductase-containing hot spring Archaea. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4574.
  • 🧒 Huber et al. (2002) assigned the phylum "Nanoarchaeota" Huber et al. 2002 to this domain. Publication: Huber H, Hohn MJ, Rachel R, Fuchs T, Wimmer VC, Stetter KO. A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic symbiont. Nature 2002; 417:63-67.
  • 🧒 Huber et al. (2016) assigned the order "Nanoarchaeales" Huber et al. 2016 to this domain. Publication: Huber H, Auerbach A, Podar M. “ Nanoarchaeales ”. In: Anonymous NN (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria, Wiley, Unknown City, 2016, p. 1-2.
  • 🧒 Jungbluth et al. (2017) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Hydrothermarchaeota" Jungbluth et al. 2017 to this domain. Publication: Jungbluth SP, Amend JP, Rappe MS. Metagenome sequencing and 98 microbial genomes from Juan de Fuca Ridge flank subsurface fluids. Sci Data 2017; 4:170037.
  • 🧒 Liu et al. (2021) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Wukongarchaeota" Liu et al. 2021 to this domain. Publication: Liu Y, Makarova KS, Huang WC, Wolf YI, Nikolskaya AN, Zhang X, Cai M, Zhang CJ, Xu W, Luo Z, et al. Expanded diversity of Asgard archaea and their relationships with eukaryotes. Nature 2021; 593:553-557.
  • 🧒 Liu et al. (2021) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Baldrarchaeota" Liu et al. 2021 to this domain. Publication: Liu Y, Makarova KS, Huang WC, Wolf YI, Nikolskaya AN, Zhang X, Cai M, Zhang CJ, Xu W, Luo Z, et al. Expanded diversity of Asgard archaea and their relationships with eukaryotes. Nature 2021; 593:553-557.
  • 🧒 Liu et al. (2021) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Borrarchaeota" Liu et al. 2021 to this domain. Publication: Liu Y, Makarova KS, Huang WC, Wolf YI, Nikolskaya AN, Zhang X, Cai M, Zhang CJ, Xu W, Luo Z, et al. Expanded diversity of Asgard archaea and their relationships with eukaryotes. Nature 2021; 593:553-557.
  • 🧒 Liu et al. (2021) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Hermodarchaeota" Liu et al. 2021 to this domain. Publication: Liu Y, Makarova KS, Huang WC, Wolf YI, Nikolskaya AN, Zhang X, Cai M, Zhang CJ, Xu W, Luo Z, et al. Expanded diversity of Asgard archaea and their relationships with eukaryotes. Nature 2021; 593:553-557.
  • 🧒 Nunoura et al. (2011) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Augarchaeota" corrig. Nunoura et al. 2011 to this domain. Publication: Nunoura T, Takaki Y, Kakuta J, Nishi S, Sugahara J, Kazama H, Chee GJ, Hattori M, Kanai A, Atomi H, et al. Insights into the evolution of Archaea and eukaryotic protein modifier systems revealed by the genome of a novel archaeal group. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:3204-3223.
  • 🧒 Oren and Garrity (2021) assigned the phylum Nitrososphaerota Brochier-Armanet et al. 2021 to this domain. Publication: Oren A, Garrity GM. Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71:5056.
  • 🧒 Oren and Garrity (2021) assigned the phylum Thermoproteota Garrity and Holt 2021 to this domain. Publication: Oren A, Garrity GM. Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71:5056.
  • 🧒 Petitjean et al. (2014) assigned the kingdom "Proteoarchaeota" Petitjean et al. 2014 to this domain. Publication: Petitjean C, Deschamps P, Lopez-Garcia P, Moreira D. Rooting the domain archaea by phylogenomic analysis supports the foundation of the new kingdom Proteoarchaeota. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 7:191-204.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Aenigmarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Diapherotrites" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Nanohaloarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Parvarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Iainarchaeota" corrig. Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Aenigmatarchaeota" corrig. Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2013) assigned the superphylum "DPANN" Rinke et al. 2013 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature 2013; 499:431-437.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2019) assigned the class "Candidatus Poseidoniia" Rinke et al. 2019 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Rubino F, Messer LF, Youssef N, Parks DH, Chuvochina M, Brown M, Jeffries T, Tyson GW, Seymour JR, et al. A phylogenomic and ecological analysis of the globally abundant Marine Group II archaea (Ca. Poseidoniales ord. nov.). ISME J 2019; 13:663-675.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2019) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Thermoplasmatota" Rinke et al. 2019 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Rubino F, Messer LF, Youssef N, Parks DH, Chuvochina M, Brown M, Jeffries T, Tyson GW, Seymour JR, et al. A phylogenomic and ecological analysis of the globally abundant Marine Group II archaea (Ca. Poseidoniales ord. nov.). ISME J 2019; 13:663-675.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2019) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Poseidoniota" corrig. Rinke et al. 2019 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Rubino F, Messer LF, Youssef N, Parks DH, Chuvochina M, Brown M, Jeffries T, Tyson GW, Seymour JR, et al. A phylogenomic and ecological analysis of the globally abundant Marine Group II archaea (Ca. Poseidoniales ord. nov.). ISME J 2019; 13:663-675.
  • 🧒 Rinke et al. (2021) assigned the phylum "Halobacteriota" Rinke et al. 2021 to this domain. Publication: Rinke C, Chuvochina M, Mussig AJ, Chaumeil PA, Davin AA, Waite DW, Whitman WB, Parks DH, Hugenholtz P. A standardized archaeal taxonomy for the Genome Taxonomy Database. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:946-959.
  • 🧒 Rosenberg et al. (2014) assigned the family "Methanotrichaceae" Oren 2014 to this domain. Publication: Oren A. The Family Methanotrichaceae. In: Rosenberg E, DeLong EF, Lory S, Stackebrandt E, Thompson F (eds), The Prokaryotes – Firmicutes and Tenericutes, 4th edition, Springer, Berlin, 2014, p. 297-306.
  • 🧒 Sakai et al. (2022) assigned the phylum Microcaldota Sakai et al. 2023 to this domain. Publication: Sakai HD, Nur N, Kato S, Yuki M, Shimizu M, Itoh T, Ohkuma M, Suwanto A, Kurosawa N. Insight into the symbiotic lifestyle of DPANN archaea revealed by cultivation and genome analyses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:0.
  • 🧒 Schwank et al. (2019) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Huberarchaeota" corrig. Probst et al. 2018 to this domain. Publication: Schwank K, Bornemann TLV, Dombrowski N, Spang A, Banfield JF, Probst AJ. An archaeal symbiont-host association from the deep terrestrial subsurface. ISME J 2019; 13:2135-2139.
  • 🧒 Spang et al. (2015) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Lokiarchaeota" corrig. Spang et al. 2015 to this domain. Publication: Spang A, Saw JH, Jorgensen SL, Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka K, Martijn J, Lind AE, van Eijk R, Schleper C, Guy L, Ettema TJG. Complex archaea that bridge the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Nature 2015; 521:173-179.
  • 🧒 Stieglmeier et al. (2014) assigned the class Nitrososphaeria Stieglmeier et al. 2014 to this domain. Publication: Stieglmeier M, Klingl A, Alves RJ, Rittmann SK, Melcher M, Leisch N, Schleper C. Nitrososphaera viennensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic and mesophilic, ammonia-oxidizing archaeon from soil and a member of the archaeal phylum Thaumarchaeota. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:2738-2752.
  • 🧒 Sun et al. (2021) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Sifarchaeota" Farag et al. 2021 to this domain. Publication: Sun J, Evans PN, Gagen EJ, Woodcroft BJ, Hedlund BP, Woyke T, Hugenholtz P, Rinke C. Recoding of stop codons expands the metabolic potential of two novel Asgardarchaeota lineages. ISME Commun 2021; 1:30.
  • 🧒 Sun et al. (2021) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Asgardarchaeota" Da Cunha et al. 2017 to this domain. Publication: Sun J, Evans PN, Gagen EJ, Woodcroft BJ, Hedlund BP, Woyke T, Hugenholtz P, Rinke C. Recoding of stop codons expands the metabolic potential of two novel Asgardarchaeota lineages. ISME Commun 2021; 1:30.
  • 🧒 Vanwonterghem et al. (2016) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Verstraetearchaeota" Vanwonterghem et al. 2016 to this domain. Publication: Vanwonterghem I, Evans PN, Parks DH, Jensen PD, Woodcroft BJ, Hugenholtz P, Tyson GW. Methylotrophic methanogenesis discovered in the archaeal phylum Verstraetearchaeota. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16170.
  • 🧒 Vanwonterghem et al. (2016) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Methanomethylicota" corrig. Vanwonterghem et al. 2016 to this domain. Publication: Vanwonterghem I, Evans PN, Parks DH, Jensen PD, Woodcroft BJ, Hugenholtz P, Tyson GW. Methylotrophic methanogenesis discovered in the archaeal phylum Verstraetearchaeota. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16170.
  • 🧒 Wang et al. (2019) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Nezhaarchaeota" Wang et al. 2019 to this domain. Publication: Wang Y, Wegener G, Hou J, Wang F, Xiao X. Expanding anaerobic alkane metabolism in the domain of Archaea. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:595-602.
  • 🧒 Woese et al. (1990) assigned the kingdom "Euryarchaeota" Woese et al. 1990 to this domain. Publication: Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:4576-4579.
  • 🧒 Woese et al. (1990) assigned the kingdom "Crenarchaeota" Woese et al. 1990 to this domain. Publication: Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:4576-4579.
  • 🧒 Xie et al. (2022) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Njordarchaeota" Xie et al. 2022 to this domain. Publication: Xie R, Wang Y, Huang D, Hou J, Li L, Hu H, Zhao X, Wang F. Expanding Asgard members in the domain of Archaea sheds new light on the origin of eukaryotes. Sci China Life Sci 2022; 65:818-829.
  • 🧒 Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka et al. (2017) assigned the phylum "Candidatus Odinarchaeota" Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka et al. 2017 to this domain. Publication: Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka K, Caceres EF, Saw JH, Backstrom D, Juzokaite L, Vancaester E, Seitz KW, Anantharaman K, Starnawski P, Kjeldsen KU, et al. Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity. Nature 2017; 541:353-358.
  • 🧒 Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka et al. (2017) assigned the superphylum "Asgard" Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka et al. 2017 to this domain. Publication: Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka K, Caceres EF, Saw JH, Backstrom D, Juzokaite L, Vancaester E, Seitz KW, Anantharaman K, Starnawski P, Kjeldsen KU, et al. Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity. Nature 2017; 541:353-358.
  • 🧒 Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka et al. (2017) assigned the superphylum "Asgardarchaeota" to this domain. Publication: Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka K, Caceres EF, Saw JH, Backstrom D, Juzokaite L, Vancaester E, Seitz KW, Anantharaman K, Starnawski P, Kjeldsen KU, et al. Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity. Nature 2017; 541:353-358.
  • 🙄 This taxon name is occasionally misprinted (or affected by an OCR error) in some sources as: "Archaeota". — 🤨 This taxon name is occasionally used in singular form as: "Archaeum".
  • 🔨 This taxon name is replaced by Archaea Woese et al. 2024.
  • 😟 A nomenclatural type has not been designated.
  • 🖹 Minimal standards for the description of new taxa in this group were published in 2010. Publication: Tindall BJ, Rossello-Mora R, Busse HJ, Ludwig W, Kampfer P. Notes on the characterization of prokaryote strains for taxonomic purposes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 60:249-266.
  • 🖹 Minimal standards for the description of new taxa in this group were published in 2018. Publication: Chun J, Oren A, Ventosa A, Christensen H, Arahal DR, da Costa MS, Rooney AP, Yi H, Xu XW, De Meyer S, et al. Proposed minimal standards for the use of genome data for the taxonomy of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:461-466.
  • 🧔 This taxon was discussed in a meeting of a Taxonomic Subcommittee of the ICSP. Publication: On SLW. Minutes of the inaugural 25 October 2022 meeting of International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP) Subcommittees on Taxonomy representatives: challenges, trends, and perspectives for microbial taxonomists. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:6075.
  • 🧍 Minimal standards for the description of new taxa in this group were published in 2018. Publication: Chun J, Oren A, Ventosa A, Christensen H, Arahal DR, da Costa MS, Rooney AP, Yi H, Xu XW, De Meyer S, et al. Proposed minimal standards for the use of genome data for the taxonomy of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:461-466.
  • 🧍 This name was mentioned in a Request for an Opinion. The name should not be confused with "Archaea" Murray 1988, which is actually Archaeobacteria Murray 1988. Publication: Goker M. Solving the remaining problems with names of classes. Request for an Opinion. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72:5605.

Parent taxon: None.

Assigned by: Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:4576-4579.

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Record number: 166