Name: Spirochaetaceae Swellengrebel 1907 (Approved Lists 1980)

Category: Family

Proposed as: fam. nov.

Etymology: N.L. fem. n. Spirochaeta, type genus of the family; L. fem. pl. n. suff. -aceae, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n. Spirochaetaceae, the Spirochaeta family

Gender: feminine

Type genus: Spirochaeta Ehrenberg 1835 (Approved Lists 1980)

Effective publication: Swellengrebel NH. De L’Anaphylaxie en général. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur (Paris) 1907; 21:562-586.

IJSEM list: Skerman VBD, McGowan V, Sneath PHA. Approved lists of bacterial names. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1980; 30:225-420.

Nomenclatural status: validly published under the ICNP

Taxonomic status: correct name

• Synonyms:

  • Name	Kind
    Salinispiraceae Chuvochina et al. 2024	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
    Sediminispirochaetaceae Chuvochina et al. 2024	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
    Alkalispirochaetaceae Chuvochina et al. 2024	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
    Marispirochaetaceae Chuvochina et al. 2024	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
    "Pillotinaceae" Margulis and Hinkle 1992	heterotypic synonym, not validly published

• Emendations:
  • Abt et al. 2012 Abt B, Han C, Scheuner C, Lu M, Lapidus A, Nolan M, Lucas S, Hammon N, Deshpande S, Cheng JF, et al. Complete genome sequence of the termite hindgut bacterium Spirochaeta coccoides type strain (SPN1^T), reclassification in the genus Sphaerochaeta as Sphaerochaeta coccoides comb. nov. and emendations of the family Spirochaetaceae and the genus Sphaerochaeta. Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 6:194-209. Euzeby JP. List of changes in taxonomic opinion no. 17. Notification of changes in taxonomic opinion previously published outside the IJSEM. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:8-9.
    Notes:
    • 🧍 Complete authorship reads: Abt, Göker, Kyrpides and Klenk.
  • Gupta et al. 2013 Gupta RS, Mahmood S, Adeolu M. A phylogenomic and molecular signature based approach for characterization of the phylum Spirochaetes and its major clades: proposal for a taxonomic revision of the phylum. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:217. Oren A, Garrity GM. List of changes in taxonomic opinion no. 19. Notification of changes in taxonomic opinion previously published outside the IJSEM. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:8-10.
    Notes:
    • ⊕ Emendation accompanied by the inclusion of 6 genera in the family.
  • Hördt et al. 2020 Hordt A, Lopez MG, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Schleuning M, Weinhold LM, Tindall BJ, Gronow S, Kyrpides NC, Woyke T, Goker M. Analysis of 1,000+ Type-Strain Genomes Substantially Improves Taxonomic Classification of Alphaproteobacteria. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:468.
    Notes:
    • ⊕ Emendation accompanied by the inclusion of 9 genera in the family.
    • ⊖ Emendation accompanied by the removal of 4 genera from the family.
    • 🧍 As of 2020-04-15 this emendation was not yet included in an IJSEM List of Changes in Taxonomic Opinion.

• Notes:
  • 🧕 Krieg et al. (2010) assigned this family to the class Spirochaetia Paster 2020. Publication: Paster BJ. Class I. Spirochaetia class. nov. In: Krieg NR, Staley JT, Brown DR, Hedlund BP, Paster BJ, et al. (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes, vol. 4, 2nd ed., Springer, New York, 2010, p. 471-563.
  • 🧒 Arroua et al. (2017) assigned the genus Pleomorphochaeta Arroua et al. 2017 to this family. Publication: Arroua B, Ranchou-Peyruse A, Ranchou-Peyruse M, Magot M, Urios L, Grimaud R. Pleomorphochaeta caudata gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium isolated from an offshore oil well, reclassification of Sphaerochaeta multiformis MO-SPC2T as Pleomorphochaeta multiformis MO-SPC2T comb. nov. as the type strain of this novel genus and emended description of the genus Sphaerochaeta. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:417-424.
  • 🧒 Bergey et al. (1923) assigned the genus Saprospira Gross 1911 (Approved Lists 1980) to this family. Publication: Waksman SA. Genus III. Actinomyces Harz,. In: Bergey DH, Harrison FC, Breed RS, Hammer BW, Huntoon FM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 1st ed., The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1923, p. 339-371.
  • 🧒 Bergey et al. (1923) assigned the genus Leptospira Noguchi 1917 (Approved Lists 1980) to this family. Publication: Waksman SA. Genus III. Actinomyces Harz,. In: Bergey DH, Harrison FC, Breed RS, Hammer BW, Huntoon FM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 1st ed., The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1923, p. 339-371.
  • 🧒 Bergey et al. (1923) assigned the genus Cristispira Gross 1910 (Approved Lists 1980) to this family. Publication: Waksman SA. Genus III. Actinomyces Harz,. In: Bergey DH, Harrison FC, Breed RS, Hammer BW, Huntoon FM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 1st ed., The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1923, p. 339-371.
  • 🧒 Bergey et al. (1923) assigned the genus Treponema Schaudinn 1905 (Approved Lists 1980) to this family. Publication: Waksman SA. Genus III. Actinomyces Harz,. In: Bergey DH, Harrison FC, Breed RS, Hammer BW, Huntoon FM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 1st ed., The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1923, p. 339-371.
  • 🧒 Bergey et al. (1923) assigned the genus "Spironema" to this family. Publication: Waksman SA. Genus III. Actinomyces Harz,. In: Bergey DH, Harrison FC, Breed RS, Hammer BW, Huntoon FM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 1st ed., The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1923, p. 339-371.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the genus Brevinema Defosse et al. 1995 to this family. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • 🧒 Boone et al. (2001) assigned the genus Cristispira Gross 1910 (Approved Lists 1980) to this family. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • 🧒 Breed et al. (1948) assigned the genus Saprospira Gross 1911 (Approved Lists 1980) to this family. Publication: Burkholder WH. Genus I. Pseudomonas Migula. Bacterial plant pathogens. In: Breed RS, Murray EGD, Hitchens AP (eds), Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 6th ed., The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1948, p. 82-150.
  • 🧒 Breed et al. (1948) assigned the genus Cristispira Gross 1910 (Approved Lists 1980) to this family. Publication: Burkholder WH. Genus I. Pseudomonas Migula. Bacterial plant pathogens. In: Breed RS, Murray EGD, Hitchens AP (eds), Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 6th ed., The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1948, p. 82-150.
  • 🧒 Breed et al. (1957) assigned the genus Saprospira Gross 1911 (Approved Lists 1980) to this family. Publication: Parker CD. Genus V. Thiobacillus Beijerinck 1904. In: Breed RS, Murray EGD, Smith NR (eds), Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 7th edition, The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1957, p. 83-88.
  • 🧒 Breed et al. (1957) assigned the genus Cristispira Gross 1910 (Approved Lists 1980) to this family. Publication: Parker CD. Genus V. Thiobacillus Beijerinck 1904. In: Breed RS, Murray EGD, Smith NR (eds), Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 7th edition, The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1957, p. 83-88.
  • 🧒 Gupta et al. (2013) assigned the genus Treponema Schaudinn 1905 (Approved Lists 1980) to this family. Publication: Gupta RS, Mahmood S, Adeolu M. A phylogenomic and molecular signature based approach for characterization of the phylum Spirochaetes and its major clades: proposal for a taxonomic revision of the phylum. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:217.
  • 🧒 Gupta et al. (2013) assigned the genus Sphaerochaeta Ritalahti et al. 2012 to this family. Publication: Gupta RS, Mahmood S, Adeolu M. A phylogenomic and molecular signature based approach for characterization of the phylum Spirochaetes and its major clades: proposal for a taxonomic revision of the phylum. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:217.
  • 🧒 Koelschbach et al. (2017) assigned the genus Rectinema Koelschbach et al. 2017 to this family. Publication: Koelschbach JS, Mouttaki H, Pickl C, Heipieper HJ, Rachel R, Lawson PA, Meckenstock RU. Rectinema cohabitans gen. nov., sp. nov., a rod-shaped spirochaete isolated from an anaerobic naphthalene-degrading enrichment culture. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:1288-1295.
  • 🧒 Krieg et al. (2010) assigned the genus Borrelia Swellengrebel 1907 (Approved Lists 1980) to this family. Publication: Krieg NR, Ludwig W, Euzéby J, Whitman WB. Phylum XIV. Bacteroidetes phyl. nov. In: Krieg NR, Staley JT, Brown DR, Hedlund BP, Paster BJ, Ward NL, Ludwig W, Whitman WB (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 4, Springer, New York, 2010, p. 25.
  • 🧒 Ritalahti et al. (2012) assigned the genus Sphaerochaeta Ritalahti et al. 2012 to this family. Publication: Ritalahti KM, Justicia-Leon SD, Cusick KD, Ramos-Hernandez N, Rubin M, Dornbush J, Loffler FE. Sphaerochaeta globosa gen. nov., sp. nov. and Sphaerochaeta pleomorpha sp. nov., free-living, spherical spirochaetes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 62:210-216.
  • 🙄 This taxon name is occasionally misprinted (or affected by an OCR error) in some sources as: "Spimchaetaceae"; "Spirocheataceae".
  • 💁 Taxonomists who have recently focused on this group are the corresponding authors of Shivani et al. (2017), Sravanthi et al. (2016). Editors in search of reviewers are advised to consider additional criteria such as whether a taxon is covered by one of the ICSP subcommittees.
  • 🎰 The BRCs most frequently used for deposits in this group are: DSM: 42; ATCC: 24; KCTC: 9; JCM: 8; NCCB: 5; NBRC: 5; VKM: 3.
  • 🧍 In the paper by Swellengrebel 1907, the author proposes the new subfamily Spirochaetaceae [2è Sous-famille : SPIROCHAETACEAE (Nov. fam.)], not the new family Spirochaetaceae as cited in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. Publication: Euzeby JP. List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1997; 47:590-592.

Subdivision:

Number of child taxa with a validly published and correct name: 13
Number of child taxa with a validly published name, including synonyms: 13
Total number of child taxa: 20

• Child taxa:

  • Name	Nomenclatural status	Taxonomic status
    Alkalispirochaeta Sravanthi et al. 2016	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    "Candidatus Allospironema" corrig. Paster and Dewhirst 2000	not validly published	preferred name (not correct name)
    Bullifex Wylensek et al. 2021	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    "Canaleparolina" Wier et al. 2000	not validly published	preferred name (not correct name)
    Clevelandina Bermudes et al. 1988	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Diplocalyx (ex Gharagozlou 1968) Bermudes et al. 1988	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Entomospira Graña-Miraglia et al. 2024	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    "Candidatus Haliotispira" Sharma et al. 2024	not validly published	preferred name (not correct name)
    Hollandina (ex To et al. 1978) Bermudes et al. 1988	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Marispirochaeta Shivani et al. 2017	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    "Candidatus Marispirochaeta" Shivani et al. 2016	not validly published	synonym (and no standing)
    "Mobilifilum" Margulis et al. 1990	not validly published	preferred name (not correct name)
    Oceanispirochaeta Subhash and Lee 2017	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Pillotina (ex Hollande and Gharagozlou 1967) Bermudes et al. 1988	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Salinispira Ben Hania et al. 2015	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Sediminispirochaeta Shivani et al. 2016	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    Spirochaeta Ehrenberg 1835 (Approved Lists 1980)	validly published under the ICNP	correct name
    "Candidatus Spironema" Paster and Dewhirst 2000	inaccurate spelling	misspelling (and no standing)
    "Candidatus Thalassospirochaeta" Pragya et al. 2024	not validly published	preferred name (not correct name)
    Thiospirochaeta Dubinina et al. 2020	validly published under the ICNP	correct name

Parent taxon: Spirochaetales Buchanan 1917 (Approved Lists 1980)

Assigned by: Parker CD. Genus V. Thiobacillus Beijerinck 1904. In: Breed RS, Murray EGD, Smith NR (eds), Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 7th edition, The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1957, p. 83-88.

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Record number: 1310