Name: Actinobacteria Stackebrandt et al. 1997

Category: Class

Proposed as: class. nov.

Etymology: Ac.ti.no.bac.te’ri.a. Gr. fem. n. aktis (gen. aktînos), a ray, beam; N.L. neut. pl. n. bacteria, plural of bacterium; N.L. neut. pl. n. Actinobacteria, actinomycete group of bacteria of diverse morphological properties (not formed from a genus name)

Gender: neuter

Type order: Actinomycetales Buchanan 1917 (Approved Lists 1980)

Valid publication: Stackebrandt E, Rainey FA, Ward-Rainey NL. Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1997; 47:479-491.

IJSEM list: Anonymous. Notification list. Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 47, part 2 of the IJSB. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1997; 47:917-919.

Nomenclatural status: validly published under the ICNP, illegitimate name

Taxonomic status: synonym

Correct name: Actinomycetes Krassilnikov 1949 (Approved Lists 1980)

• Synonyms:

  • Name	Kind
    Arabobacteria Cavalier-Smith 2002	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP, rejected name
    Streptomycetes Cavalier-Smith 2002	heterotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP, rejected name
    Actinomycetes Krassilnikov 1949 (Approved Lists 1980)	homotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP
    Actinomycetia Salam et al. 2020	homotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP, illegitimate name
    Arthrobacteria Cavalier-Smith 2002	homotypic synonym, validly published under the ICNP, rejected name

• Emendations:
  • Nouioui et al. 2018 Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007. Oren A, Garrity GM. List of changes in taxonomic opinion no. 29. Notification of changes in taxonomic opinion previously published outside the IJSEM. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:13-32.
    Notes:
    • Emendation accompanied by the inclusion of 16 orders in the class.
    • Emendation accompanied by the inclusion of 1 family in the class.
    • Emendation accompanied by the removal of 1 family from the class.
    • Later homotypic synonym of Actinomycetes Krassilnikov 1949 (Approved Lists 1980). A type order was not originally designated. This was done much later by Judicial Opinion 119 but this Opinion designated the same type order to Actinomycetes Krassilnikov 1949 (Approved Lists 1980), making Actinobacteria a later homotypic synonym that contravenes Rule 51b.
  • Cavalier-Smith 2020 Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE. Multidomain ribosomal protein trees and the planctobacterial origin of neomura (eukaryotes, archaebacteria). Protoplasma 2020; 257:621-753.
    Notes:
    • Cavalier-Smith and Chao (2020) orthographically corrected the name of the class to Actinobacteriia. This would be the orthographically correct name if the name of the class was based on the genus name Actinobacterium. But such a genus name was not validly published at that time point. Cavalier-Smith and Chao 2020 gave Stackebrandt et al. 1987 (sic) as authority.
    • Later homotypic synonym of Actinomycetes Krassilnikov 1949 (Approved Lists 1980). According to Rules 15, 22 and 27(3), the class Actinobacteria is illegitimate because it was proposed without the designation of a nomenclatural type (but see Judicial Opinion 119).

• Notes:
  • Nomenclatural type of the phylum "Actinobacteraeota" Oren et al. 2015. Publication: Oren A, da Costa MS, Garrity GM, Rainey FA, Rossello-Mora R, Schink B, Sutcliffe I, Trujillo ME, Whitman WB. Proposal to include the rank of phylum in the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:4284-4287.
  • Nomenclatural type of the phylum "Actinobacteriota" Whitman et al. 2018. Publication: Whitman WB, Oren A, Chuvochina M, da Costa MS, Garrity GM, Rainey FA, Rossello-Mora R, Schink B, Sutcliffe I, Trujillo ME, et al. Proposal of the suffix -ota to denote phyla. Addendum to 'Proposal to include the rank of phylum in the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes'. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:967-969.
  • Goodfellow et al. (2012) assigned this class to the phylum "Actinobacteria" Goodfellow 2012. Publication: Goodfellow M. Phylum XXVI. Actinobacteria phyl. nov. In: Goodfellow M, Kämpfer P, H.-J. B, Trujillo ME, Suzuki K, Ludwig W, Whitman WB (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 5, Springer, New York, 2012, p. 33-34.
  • Oren and Garrity (2021) assigned this class to the phylum Actinomycetota Goodfellow 2021. Publication: Oren A, Garrity GM. Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71:5056.
  • Blackall et al. (2000) assigned the genus "Candidatus Nostocoides" corrig. Blackall et al. 2000 to this class. Publication: Blackall LL, Seviour EM, Bradford D, Rossetti S, Tandoi V, Seviour RJ. 'Candidatus Nostocoida limicola', a filamentous bacterium from activated sludge. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2000; 50:703-709.
  • Boone et al. (2001) assigned the subclass Acidimicrobidae Stackebrandt et al. 1997 to this class. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • Boone et al. (2001) assigned the subclass Actinobacteridae Stackebrandt et al. 1997 to this class. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • Boone et al. (2001) assigned the subclass Rubrobacteridae Rainey et al. 1997 to this class. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • Boone et al. (2001) assigned the subclass Sphaerobacteridae Stackebrandt et al. 1997 to this class. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • Boone et al. (2001) assigned the subclass Coriobacteridae Stackebrandt et al. 1997 to this class. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • Boone et al. (2001) assigned the subclass Acidimicrobiidae corrig. Stackebrandt et al. 1997 to this class. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • Boone et al. (2001) assigned the subclass Coriobacteriidae corrig. Stackebrandt et al. 1997 to this class. Publication: Garrity GM, Holt JG. The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001, p. 119-166.
  • Ghai et al. (2013) assigned the subclass "Candidatus Actinomarinidae" Ghai et al. 2013 to this class. Publication: Ghai R, Mizuno CM, Picazo A, Camacho A, Rodriguez-Valera F. Metagenomics uncovers a new group of low GC and ultra-small marine Actinobacteria. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2471.
  • Goodfellow et al. (2012) assigned the order Actinopolysporales Goodfellow and Trujillo 2015 to this class. Publication: Goodfellow M. Phylum XXVI. Actinobacteria phyl. nov. In: Goodfellow M, Kämpfer P, H.-J. B, Trujillo ME, Suzuki K, Ludwig W, Whitman WB (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, vol. 5, Springer, New York, 2012, p. 33-34.
  • Kurahashi et al. (2010) assigned the subclass Nitriliruptoridae Kurahashi et al. 2010 to this class. Publication: Kurahashi M, Fukunaga Y, Sakiyama Y, Harayama S, Yokota A. Euzebya tangerina gen. nov., sp. nov., a deeply branching marine actinobacterium isolated from the sea cucumber Holothuria edulis, and proposal of Euzebyaceae fam. nov., Euzebyales ord. nov. and Nitriliruptoridae subclassis nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 60:2314-2319.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the family Jatrophihabitantaceae Nouioui et al. 2018 to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the order Cryptosporangiales Nouioui et al. 2018 to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the order Sporichthyales Nouioui et al. 2018 to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the order Actinomycetales Buchanan 1917 (Approved Lists 1980) to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the order Micrococcales Prévot 1940 (Approved Lists 1980) to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the order Bifidobacteriales Stackebrandt et al. 1997 to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the order Frankiales Sen et al. 2014 to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the order Catenulisporales Donadio et al. 2015 to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the order Corynebacteriales Goodfellow and Jones 2015 to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the order Glycomycetales Labeda 2015 to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the order Jiangellales Tang et al. 2015 to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the order Kineosporiales Kämpfer 2015 to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the order Micromonosporales Genilloud 2015 to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the order Propionibacteriales (Rainey et al. 1997) Patrick and McDowell 2015 to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the order Pseudonocardiales Labeda and Goodfellow 2015 to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the order Streptosporangiales Goodfellow 2015 to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Nouioui et al. (2018) assigned the order Streptomycetales Cavalier-Smith 2002 to this class. Publication: Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007.
  • Parte et al. (2020) assigned the order Jatrophihabitantales Salam et al. 2020 to this class. Publication: Parte AC, Sarda Carbasse J, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Reimer LC, Goker M. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:5607-5612.
  • Schumann et al. (2017) assigned the genus Psychromicrobium Schumann et al. 2017 to this class. Publication: Schumann P, Zhang DC, Franca L, Albuquerque L, da Costa MS, Margesin R. Psychromicrobium silvestre gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from alpine forest soils. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:640-645.
  • Sen et al. (2014) assigned the order Geodermatophilales Sen et al. 2014 to this class. Publication: Sen A, Daubin V, Abrouk D, Gifford I, Berry AM, Normand P. Phylogeny of the class Actinobacteria revisited in the light of complete genomes. The orders 'Frankiales' and Micrococcales should be split into coherent entities: proposal of Frankiales ord. nov., Geodermatophilales ord. nov., Acidothermales ord. nov. and Nakamurellales ord. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:3821-3832.
  • Sen et al. (2014) assigned the order Acidothermales Sen et al. 2014 to this class. Publication: Sen A, Daubin V, Abrouk D, Gifford I, Berry AM, Normand P. Phylogeny of the class Actinobacteria revisited in the light of complete genomes. The orders 'Frankiales' and Micrococcales should be split into coherent entities: proposal of Frankiales ord. nov., Geodermatophilales ord. nov., Acidothermales ord. nov. and Nakamurellales ord. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:3821-3832.
  • Sen et al. (2014) assigned the order Nakamurellales Sen et al. 2014 to this class. Publication: Sen A, Daubin V, Abrouk D, Gifford I, Berry AM, Normand P. Phylogeny of the class Actinobacteria revisited in the light of complete genomes. The orders 'Frankiales' and Micrococcales should be split into coherent entities: proposal of Frankiales ord. nov., Geodermatophilales ord. nov., Acidothermales ord. nov. and Nakamurellales ord. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:3821-3832.
  • Stackebrandt et al. (1997) assigned the family Streptomycetaceae Waksman and Henrici 1943 (Approved Lists 1980) to this class. Publication: Stackebrandt E, Rainey FA, Ward-Rainey NL. Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1997; 47:479-491.
  • Stackebrandt et al. (1997) assigned the family Intrasporangiaceae Rainey et al. 1997 to this class. Publication: Stackebrandt E, Rainey FA, Ward-Rainey NL. Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1997; 47:479-491.
  • Tindall (2019) assigned the order Mycobacteriales Janke 1924 (Approved Lists 1980) to this class. Publication: Tindall BJ. On the status of the names Corynebacteriales Goodfellow and Jones 2015, Mycobacteriales Janke 1924 (Approved Lists 1980) and Mycobacteriales Cavalier-Smith 2002. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:3310-3312.
  • Volpiano et al. (2021) assigned the family Carbonactinosporaceae Volpiano et al. 2021 to this class. Publication: Volpiano CG, Sant'Anna FH, da Mota FF, Sangal V, Sutcliffe I, Munusamy M, Saravanan VS, See-Too WS, Passaglia LMP, Rosado AS. Proposal of Carbonactinosporaceae fam. nov. within the class Actinomycetia. Reclassification of Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus as Carbonactinospora thermoautotrophica gen. nov., comb. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 2021; 44:126223.
  • The type order of this class has been placed in the class Actinomycetes Krassilnikov 1949 (Approved Lists 1980). Publication: Arahal et al. Judicial Opinion No. 122. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72:5481.
  • The type order of this class has alternatively been placed in the class Schizomycetes Nägeli 1857 (Approved Lists 1980). Publication: Winslow CE, Broadhurst J, Buchanan RE, Krumwiede C, Rogers LA, Smith GH. The Families and Genera of the Bacteria: Final Report of the Committee of the Society of American Bacteriologists on Characterization and Classification of Bacterial Types. J Bacteriol 1920; 5:191-229.
  • This taxon name is occasionally misprinted in some sources as: "Acfinobacteria"; "Acinobacteria"; "Acitinobacteria"; "Aclinobacteria"; "Acnitobacteria"; "Acnnobacteria"; "Acrimbacteria"; "Actenobacteria"; "Actiizobacteria"; "Actinbacteria"; "Actinibacteria"; "Actinobacteiia"; "Actinobactrria"; "Actinobacttria"; "Actinohacteria"; "Actinombacteria"; "Actionbacteria"; "Actionobacteria"; "Actnobacteria"; "Adinobacteria"; "Antinobacteria".
  • Irregularly formed name (not formed from the stem of the name of the type genus of the type order of the class). Publication: Parker CT, Tindall BJ, Garrity GM. International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:S1-S111.
  • Later homotypic synonym of Actinomycetes Krassilnikov 1949 (Approved Lists 1980). Originally, no type order was designated, making the name illegtimate according to Rules 15, 22 and 27(3). A type order was later designated by Judicial Opinion 119 but this Opinion designated the same type order to Actinomycetes Krassilnikov 1949 (Approved Lists 1980), making Actinobacteria a later homotypic synonym that contravenes Rule 51b. Publication: Arahal et al.. Judicial Opinion No. 122. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72:5481.

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